forth over time. Genetics are the building blocks of physical traits. They are an important foundation to who a person becomes; how they will develop into adulthood. When reproduction begins, the tiny cell that results from fertilization of the egg at conception multiplies into trillions of cells that form the fetus. The sperm and ovum both contribute chromosomes that form the
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that sustains an acidic environment. They can be found in all eukaryotic cells and act as the cells’ “demolition site” as they are capable of digesting macro molecules, old cell parts, microorganisms and most foreign substances that enter the cell. The enzymes contained in the lysosomes are formed by ribosomes and are then packaged by the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes (which are common in animal cells but are rare in plant cells) contain a range of hydrolytic enzymes which take part in the digestion
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CHAPTER 4: A TOUR OF THE CELL I. CELLS ARE THE SMALLEST UNITS OF LIFE A. The study of cells began with the microscope. • Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells in 1665. • Micrographs are photos taken with microscopes • Light microscope (LM) has magnification up to 1000x o For viewing living cells • Electron microscope (EM) has magnification up to 1,000,000x o Scanning EM (SEM) for viewing surface features o Transmission
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vesicles. They are found in plant and animals cells. Golgi bodies play a major role in Carbohydrates synthesis. The Golgi bodies are the “packaging plant” of the cell. They package the proteins and send energy throughout the cell The purpose of Golgi bodies is to store chemicals products that are produced in the cells and to secrete the outside of the cells. They vary from different sizes and forms but usually have smaller organization for any kind of cell. It modifies proteins that are being delivered
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Rollé Cell Structure Angel Assignment BIOL 110; Mahan 1. The first component is that all living things are made of cells. The second is that the cell is the most basic unit of life. The third is that all cells arise from pre-existing, living cells. 2. The plasma membrane consists of both lipids and proteins. The fundamental structure of the membrane is the phospholipid bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments. 3. It helps to form the shape of the cell. It
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identification of all proteins that expressed by a genome or tissue and understanding how these proteins function (Mohanty, 2005). Besides, the purpose of proteomics is not only to recognize all the proteins in a cell but also to generate a complete three-dimensional (3D) map of the cell indicating where the proteins are located. To achieve these goals require the involvement of a large number of different fields such as biochemistry, molecular biology and bioinformatics. Many different areas of study
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Mutations can also occur in non-genic regions. Mutations in sex cells can be transmitted to the next generation; mutations in other cells cannot be transmitted. The effects of mutation may be beneficial, harmful or neutral. The DNA fails to copy correctly thus leading to gene mutation. Harmful Mutations Harmful mutations result in severe consequences on the health of the person. Some examples of harmful mutations are as follows: 1. Sickle Cell Anemia It is an example of natural harmful mutation existing
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of the fungi prefer the asexual reproduction by mitosis. Both reproduction type produce spores that can be dispersed from their parents and grow up into new organisms. A) Fungi Structure: 1-Fungi body structure: Main body parts are composed of cells, named hyphae. The group of hyphae sets the fungus body is termed the mycelium. The mycelium is mainly subterranean and it can be very large nevertheless diffuse The visible fungus is usually the reproductive structure, or fruiting body 2-Fungi
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2.1.3 Application of biosurfactants Biosurfactants are important in petroleum, environmental, food, agricultural, bioprocessing, cosmetics and biological industries (Fakruddin, 2012; Nitschke & Costa, 2007; A. Singh et al., 2007). Table 2.2 shows the role of biosurfactants in different industries (A. Singh et al., 2007). Table 2.2 : The role of biosurfactants in various industries 2.2 Actinomycetes 2.2.1 Properties of actinomycetes Actinomycetes are the intermediate group between bacteria and fungi
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Chromatography which literally means “color writing” was invented by Mikhail Tsvet, a Russian botanist in 1903 while studying the coloring materials in plant life. It is defined as a laboratory technique utilized by scientists for the separation of organic and inorganic mixtures into their respective components in order to analyze, identify, purify and/or quantify the mixture or components. There are different types of chromatography which are use including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography
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