MICROBIOLOGY 2051 BRINNINSTOL Characteristics of Cells: true of all living cells * Communicate with environment * Molecules being exchanged—recognized by other cells—causes cell to do something (releasing toxins; move) * Growing—one cell divides and becomes two cells (binary fisson) * Some form appendages—form differently, look dfrnt, function dfrnt—spores, cysts, flagella * Evolve—ancestral cell Microbial Communities Table 1.1 More water than land
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energy’s life cycle is powered by the Sun, and produces energy like ATP. Chapter 8 Carbon dioxide produces glucose, which goes through the process of photosynthesis. This process uses the energy of light which converts into glucose. During cellular respiration, it happens vice versa; in which glucose breaks down to carbon dioxide and the energy that is stored, initially resulting after sunlight, is free and merged into ATP to be exploited through the cell because of its energy. Both procedures are
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Introduction: During exercise, our muscle cells respire more than when we are resting. Exercise is carried out by increasing the respiration rate and the heart rate. (BBC Bitesize 2014) Exercise occurs when the muscles contract and relax which create movement. Energy for cells is created in the mitochondria of every cell, through the process of cellular respiration (Glucose + Oxygen -----> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ENERGY). The Mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse" of all cells and they act
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molecules, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. These products are then able to enter the glycolysis pathway to be converted to pyruvate, which is essential for the citric acid cycle and the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for cellular energy. A2. Deficiency in Aldolase B A hereditary deficiency in aldolase B could be caused by mutations in the ALDOB gene. An aldolase B deficiency will prevent the breakdown of fructose past the point of the fructose 1-phosphate stage. This causes
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LAB6_AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC GROWTH As humans, we are accustomed to thinking that oxygen is essential to life. Microorganisms, however, are quite adaptable and diverse and vary considerably in their oxygen requirements. Some bacteria require oxygen; some can grow with or without it and some are actually killed by oxygen. Bacteria are generally classified into three main groups with respect to oxygen: 1. Obligate aerobes: Like humans, these organisms have an absolute requirement for oxygen
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to sustain life. An important part of metabolism is a process known as cellular respiration, an enzyme catalysed catabolic process that harvests the energy from food and stored reserves. In the body, this energy is stored as chemical energy in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) molecules. Hydrolysis of ATP to its more stable products, ADP and Pi, releases this chemical energy (equivalent to 30.5kJ/mol) which can be used for cellular processes. While a number of macromolecules can produce energy in the form
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2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been
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Mitochondrial myopathies are a group of diseases and not just one particular disease. However, all these diseases affect only one thing in our body. This one thing is the mitochondria. Those who have studied human genetics or similar sciences, know that mitochondria are present in all our nerve cells and deal with the functions our muscles. These mitochondria are what provide energy to our cells which in turn help in movement of muscles et al. If these mitochondrial problems affect only the muscles
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Action of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical processes * Enzymes acts as catalyst and increase the rate of all the chemical reactions. * Enzymes are also described by two properties like all other catalysts. It composed of two main functions. * The first function is that, they increase the rate of chemical reactions by without consumed themselves or undergo any change or alteration in the reaction. . ( Zemitec et,al 2008). * The second function is, they increase reaction rates
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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Carbohydrates are found as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates. They function in energy storage (starch&glycogen), signaling (glycoproteins and glycolipids, e.g. blood group determinants), fuel the nervous system and muscle (and virtually all cells, although there are distinct cell type specific differences in choice of primary fuel molecule), are parts of nucleic acids (genes, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes), and as cell surface markers
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