AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL:- Glucose is a hydrophilic molecule and, as such, cannot diffuse across cell membranes. The two families of glucose transporters are the sodium-glucose contransporters (SGLTs) and the facilitated-diffusion GLUT transporters. SGLTs are localized in the apical membranes of simple epithelia (intestine and proximal tubules of the kidney) and are involved in the transepithelial transport of glucose. GLUTs provide for sodium-independent transmembrane transport of glucose by facilitated
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blood sugar levels to increase, so there will be an increased risk of heart disease, vision loss and other problems. The type 2 diabetic diet be recommended almost instantaneously after the diagnosis. This will contain several sugar-free products that are more likely to be beneficial for this condition. Insulin, which is the key element to this disease, is a very important hormone that will help to turn glucose into energy. After eating, the stomach will break down the carbohydrates into sugars, including
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Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia Hypernatremia is a type of electrolyte disorder that occurs when there is increased serum sodium of 145meq/L or higher due to sodium retention. Oversecretion of aldosterone, adrenocorticotropic, contributes to the hypernatremia, the increased sodium concentration affects the respiratory system, the kidney, and the gastrointestinal system (Huether, & McCance, 2013). The thirst receptors in the hypothalamus is stimulated due to the water imbalance, which is hard to correct
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Galactosemia is a genetic disease in which the body is unable to metabolize a food sugar called galactose. This genetically inherited disorder follows an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Due to the mutation in a certain gene, there is a deficiency of galactose-1- phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme (GALT), which is essential for the conversion of galactose to glucose. This deficiency will result in the accumulation of galactose in blood, a condition called classic Galactosemia (a common
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Annual number (in thousands) of new cases of diagnosed diabetes among adults aged 18-79 years, United States, 1980-2014. (2015, December 01). Retrieved June 11, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/incidence/fig1.htm Aronson, R., Reznik, Y., Conget, I., Castañeda, J. A., Runzis, S., Lee, S. W., the OpT2mise Study Group. (2016). Sustained efficacy of insulin pump therapy compared with multiple daily injections in type 2 diabetes: 12‐month data from the OpT2mise randomized trial. Diabetes
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Clinical Synthesis/ Critical Analysis: This is a 35 y/o WM who has a PMH of hypercholesterolemia x 6 months. Because he moved out of state, he was lost to follow-up. He was not treated with any pharmacologic agents at that time. Instead he attempted lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise. Once he returned to the state he came in for a wellness exam. His physical examination was unremarkable, however upon evaluation of his diagnostic labs his total cholesterol was 348mg/dL, triglycerides
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Crohn’s disease occurs when there is an extensive amount of inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract. It can occur throughout any section, but most often found in the ileum and the colon. (Steinhart, 2006) The most common symptoms are chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, sudden weight loss, loss of appetite and fever (Military Medical, 2013). The symptoms vary from person to person, given that the symptoms are dependent on the location of the Crohn’s disease (Steinhart, 2006). The symptoms
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abnormally high levels of glucose (Sugar) in the blood. This is a complex group of diseases caused by a number of different reasons. When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, after a meal, it triggers the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood sugar to decrease to normal levels. In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain
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1. What is the importance of closely monitoring blood sugar levels? The importance of closely monitoring blood sugar levels is because of the risks of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. The normal blood sugar is between 70-110 mg/dl. Hyperglycemia occurs when the body’s blood sugar is higher than the normal range. When the body is not using insulin properly, hyperglycemia occurs. Severe complication of hyperglycemia may cause ketoacidosis which is a diabetic coma. Ketoacidosis occurs when the body breaks
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Diabetes is a medical disease that occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to counteract a person’s sugar intake. It’s an issue that has played a significant role in my life and my family’s life. There has not been one specific experience that caused me to realize that diabetes is something I should pay attention to, I’ve just known. Some of my aunts and uncles (mainly my dad’s side) have had diabetes for as long as I can remember. It has been prevalent in my family for many generations
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