History of U.S. Taxation A. An income tax on individuals was used to provide financing for the Civil War. ألغى then the war ended, the tax was repealed . In 1894, a new individual income tax was enacted سنت but the Supreme Court held the tax to be unconstitutional. After a constitutional challenge to the taxation of income, the Sixteenth Amendment, this sanctioned both the federal individual and corporate income taxes, عقوبات was ratified in 1913. The present income tax on individuals
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particularly to morality, customs and laws) resulting in meaningfulness. From the earliest moments of recorded human consciousness, the ethical discipline has exhibited four fundamental "approaches" These four approaches are often called "ethical decision-making frameworks:" Utilitarian Ethics (outcome based), Deontological Ethics (duty based), Virtue Ethics (virtue based) and Communitarian Ethics (community based). Each has a distinctive point of departure as well as distinctive ways of doing
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One of the crucial aspects in which managerial economics differs from pure economic theory lies in the treatment of risk and uncertainty. Traditional economic theory assumes a risk-free world of certainty; but the real world business is full of all sorts of risk and uncertainty. A manager cannot, therefore, afford to ignore risk and uncertainty. The element of risk is associated with future which is indefinite and uncertain. To cope with future risk and uncertainty, the manager needs to predict the
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Universality (p. 358-363) Question 1 It allows HP to postpone (product standardization, postponement) the allocation of laser printers (or specification of printer engine) to specific regions by about two months. Thus, in these two months the decisions can be made based on the aggregate demand forecast (US & Europe) in all regions. Production team believes universal power supply can enable HP to better respond to regional demand (US & Europe) and reduce its inventory costs. Question 2 1.
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MGMT 371 – Test 1 (9,1,2,4,7,8) Chapter 9: Managerial Decision Making Decision: a choice made from available alternatives Decision-making: the process of identifying problems and opportunities and then resolving them Programmed decisions: involve situations that have occurred often enough to enable decision rules to be developed and applied in the future Non-programmed decisions: are made in response to situations that are unique, are poorly defined and largely unconstructed, and have important
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Professional Ethics & Conduct * Non-auditor services. Pg 654 * Whether auditor can prepare financial statement for the bank? 1. Listed (Cannot) 2. Not Listed (Can) Section 201 of SOX -Provided of some safeguards -Not involved in decision making * Gift & Hospitality pg 644 * Amount is insignificant X Amount is significant * Fees & Pricing pg 651 * Effect the quality of the job * Low pricing “ low bolling” * If you’re the auditor
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controls to prevent fraud (section 404). Types of organizations that hire Forensic accountants? * Public, private, federal, state and not for profits Parts of the fraud triangle? * Opportunity-in the position to commit the crime * Pressure-under financial duress such as credit problems, substance or gambling addiction * Rationalization-mentally justifies the crime (Co. deserved it) What does it mean to rationalize in the fraud triangle? * Suspect will say anything to justify the crime
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What is a liability? The answer might seem rather obvious: an amount owed from one entity to another. If the liability bears interest, how is interest expense measured? The simple answer is that interest expense is equal to interest paid. However, life can get a lot more complicated: Does a liability exist if there is no legal liability, but the company has announced a particular commitment or plan of action? How is a liability measured if the obligation is for services, not a set amount of money
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Contents Vision Statement 1 Project requirements 1 Project management tools and techniques. 1 Project management Plan 2 A. Project Overview 2 i. Purpose, Scope and Objectives 2 ii. Assumptions, Constraints and Risks 2 iii. Project Deliverables 3 iv. Schedule and Budget Summary 3 v. Evolution of the Plan 4 vi. Definitions and Acronyms 4 B. Project Organisation 4 i. External interfaces 4 ii. Internal structure 4 iii. Role and responsibilities 5 C. Project Management Process Plans 6 i. Project Initiation
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this personality is hereditary but nevertheless mindset as faces life decisions, how to cope in society, including the way we learn and interact are unique features of our personality. The personality of each is unique, there cannot be two people have the same personality and are completely alike. This is because you cannot be two people who have had the same kind of parenting or who have gone through similar circumstances under the same conditions in which they have taken the same solutions. Each
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