manipulation. This framework is based on the possibility of wealth transfer between the different stakeholders, and in practice, the target of the manipulation appears generally to be the earnings per share and the debt/equity ratio. The paper also describes the different actors involved and their potential gains and losses. We review the literature on the various techniques of accounts manipulation: earnings management, income smoothing, big bath accounting, creative accounting, and window-dressing
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uniform product code (UPC) system as its electronic scanning barcode tool (Wang, 2006). Innovation is a tough concept for people to wholeheartedly to embrace because it comes with all types of unknowns. Companies like Wal-Mart took a huge financial risk, but eventually stuck to their strategic vision to embrace and forge ahead in the technology era. However, there are times when innovation can have negative consequences. Take for example the Manti Te'o social pandemonium which continues to stir controversy
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unqualified opinion modified by an explanatory paragraph A qualified (GAAP) opinion A qualified (scope) opinion An adverse opinion b. Which of the following situations is most likely to represent an attitude risk factor, in the context of the fraud triangle model of material financial reporting fraud? 1) 2) 3) 4) c. Significant managerial judgment needed to determine an estimated account balance Major unusual transactions recorded by management Aggressive managers who unduly emphasize meeting quantitative
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Muneeba Arshad 08110013 Ayesha Rehman 08110051 DEDICATED TO HOLY PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMED (PBUH) & OUR LOVING PARENTS AND TEACHER SIR SOHAIL ISLAM, WHOM GREATNESS WE CAN’T JUST DESCRIBE IN WORDS, BY WHOM ONLY, WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO TOUCH THIS STAGE OF LEARNING. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We have no words at our command to express our deepest gratitude and innumerous thanks
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ESSENTIALS of Financial Risk Management Karen A. Horcher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ESSENTIALS of Financial Risk Management Essentials Series The Essentials Series was created for busy business advisory and corporate professionals. The books in this series were designed so that these busy professionals can quickly acquire knowledge and skills in core business areas. Each book provides need-to-have fundamentals for those professionals who must: Get up to speed quickly, because they
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WorldCom By Dennis Moberg (Santa Clara University) and Edward Romar (University of Massachusetts-Boston) 2002 saw an unprecedented number of corporate scandals: Enron, Tyco, Global Crossing. In many ways, WorldCom is just another case of failed corporate governance, accounting abuses, and outright greed. But none of these other companies had senior executives as colorful and likable as Bernie Ebbers. A Canadian by birth, the 6 foot, 3 inch former basketball coach and Sunday School teacher emerged
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answer. Please do your own work. Copying from another student’s work (past or present) or any other form of academic fraud will result in failure in the course and additional academic disciplinary action that may include expulsion from the university. There will be no exceptions. Questions 1. Standards and Themes of Geographic Knowledge * Identify and describe the SIX elements of the National Standards for geography in the United States. You are not required to list all 18 standards
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or misleading reporting. The logic is to reduce this potential to an acceptable level of risk. If the auditor assumed this risk was zero to start with the auditor would not need to provide evidence that the possibility is low, and that contradicts the reason users demand an audit. 3-2 No, the auditor cannot detect deception without being skeptical. A non-skeptical auditor on finding evidence of fraud may not treat it with the significance it deserves. The rule that suspicious transactions
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WorldCom Case Study1 By Dennis Moberg (Santa Clara University) and Edward Romar (University of Massachusetts-Boston) (The original of this document can be found at the Santa http://www.scu.edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/worldcom.html#one. Clara University website at An update for this case is available at http://www.scu.edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/worldcomupdate.html . Note that this update is not part of the syllabus for the PRM or Associate PRM exam. It is included for reference and explanation
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reviewed some of the new reports and summarise key conclusions here. 3 new pieces of information: — Auditors are required to report on the materiality for the audit, the scope of the audit, and the work done on key areas of audit focus (ie key risks). Sarah Deans +44-20-7986-4156 sarah.deans@citi.com Terence Fisher +44-20-7986-5180 terence.fisher@citi.com Materiality typically 5% of PBT — Information is material if “omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions that
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