Centre Number For Examiner’s Use Candidate Number Surname Other Names Examiner’s Initials Candidate Signature Question General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2009 Mark 1 2 3 Biology Unit 2 BIOL2 4 5 The variety of living organisms 6 Thursday 4 June 2009 1.30 pm to 3.15 pm 7 8 9 For this paper you must have: G a ruler with millimetre measurements. You may use a calculator. TOTAL Time allowed G 1
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Cancer is as a disease when cells divide uncontrollably, involving unregulated cell growth. Ever cell in your body contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) every DNA contains information about how to grow and what kind of cell it is. When DNA gets damaged it fixes itself with creating new strands but if it’s damaged beyond repaire it dies out. Some times the damaged DNA does not die but continue to multiply and make new copies even though that its damaged and not needed anymore. This Damaged cell leads
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of virus may take (Kendall O smith, Lucy Rasmussen, 1963)place intermittently, without any detectable signs, and without causing symptoms. Morphology Enterovirus is protein capsid and single stranded positive sense RNA. When stained it looks like DNA virus almost identical in size to herpes virus. Both virus have enveloped forms and displays protein membrane subunits. Diseases This virus can cause Polio. Signs and symptoms Minor symptoms are as fallows fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, and
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acids like DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) and RNA (ribo nucleic acid) are long linear polymers that carry information in a form that can be passed from one generation to the next. • DNA and RNA are composed of series of linked nucleotides What is a nucleotide? • It is composed of a sugar, a base and a phosphate Nucleotide = sugar + base + phosphate Nucleoside = sugar + base 3 Composition of a gene What are the bases? (A) (G) (C) (U) (T) 4 Difference between DNA and RNA RNA
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CHROMOSOME NO 7 CFTR: The Gene Associated with Cystic Fibrosis | Approximate gene location is based on Chromosome 7 map from NCBI Entrez Map Viewer. | Official Gene Symbol: CFTR Name of Gene Product: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Locus: 7q31.2 - The CFTR gene is found in region q31.2 on the long (q) arm of human chromosome 7. Gene Structure: The normal allelic variant for this gene is about 250,000 base pairs (bp) long and contains 27 exons. mRNA: The intron-free
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racism. Racism is a global issued America doesn’t solely own the rights to it, people hate people that don’t look like they look or act like they act or talk like they talk. Until everybody is of one color or should I say mixed up enough that a dna test can’t distinguish what’s what the world will have racism. You really can’t find to many people today that are full blooded anything in America. You can place one man in front of a hundred women and tell him he can have anyone he wants to sleep
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Human Genetic Engineering Imagine being able to design your own baby before it is even born, or prevent your unborn child from a dreadful disease, or make your baby a genius or an athlete. Scientists could be opening Pandora’s Box with the potential development of human genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the process by which genes are added or transferred to alter the genetic code of an organism (“What is Genetic Modification”). Since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2006
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plasmid containing the GFP gene. Transformation is the process in which bacteria take up exogenous DNA to acquire to traits (Witucki). The GFP would be our evidence to see whether or not the transformation was successful. Within this experiment E.coli was supposed to be transformed to have the ability of antibiotic resistance. In the experiment E.coli was first transferred into both DNA- and DNA+ microcentrifuge tubes, and then manipulated into competency so that the plasmid can enter into the
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eukaryotes. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, lack a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic material consists of a single molecule of singular DNA. Eukaryotes, such as plant and animal cells, have a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic material consists of one or more linear strands of DNA. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane surrounding the cell. The typical plant cell has in addition a cell wall, a rigid structure made
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Notes Achondroplasia is a bone growth disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism. Dwarfism is defined as a condition of short stature as an adult. People with achondroplasia are short in stature with a normal sized torso and short limbs. It is the most common type of disproportionate dwarfism. Achondroplasia is a disorder of bone growth. It is the most common form of disproportionate short stature. It occurs in one in every 15,000 to one in 40,000 live births. Achondroplasia is
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