Chloroplasts vs mitochondrion: Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells, they use photosynthesis Mitochondrion are found in both, the use chemicals to breakdown food and convert it into usable compounds They both convert things into energy Cell wall vs plasma membrane: Cell wall is only found in plants, it is rigid and protects the plant cell Cell membrane are in. Oth,bit is semipermeable and flexible Both protect cell and both regulate what goes in and out of the cell Rough vs smooth er:
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more sequences (protein or DNA) share a common evolutionary origin (p >10^-3 = due to chance) Lack of relationship between number of genes in a genome and its biological complexity 10-nm versus 30-nm chromatin fibers – condensed chromatin= 30nm wide, “beads-on-a-string” =10nm wide nucleosome core histone composition (2 each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) – Histones exists as octamers. Core is wrapped by 147 bp, about 2turns of DNA= CONSERVED IN ALL EUKARYOTES two turns of DNA around histone core (147
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pathogen and displays the antigen with its own MHC proteins • All specific immune responses begin when the APC displays the MHC/antigen complex to a helper T cell The Two Branches of the Adaptive Immune System: Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) vs. Cell-Mediated Antibody – Mediated Immunity (Humoral Immunity) • Antibodies are Y shaped proteins that travel in body fluids and hook up to cells w/the specific antigen. They antibody/antigen complex:
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Study Guide: Biochemistry A. Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic. Since biological chemistry occurs largely in an aqueous environment, the interaction of a biological molecule with water is very important. That interaction is influenced by two primary causes: size and polarity (charge). The smaller a molecule is, the more likely it is to be willing to associate with water (dissolve). Also, the more polar and/or charged a molecule is, the more likely it is to be willing to associate with water.
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active site less effective. Allosteric Activation and Inhibation * The binding of an activator stabilizes the active form of the enzyme. * The binding of an inhibitor stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme. Differences between DNA and RNA DNA * DNA occurs as two paired strands are twisted into a double helix.
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BIOL 3332 Spring 2016 Unit 1/Exam 1 Review (Chapters 1, 3, 6, and part of 4) A. Chapter 1 Microbial Life: Origin & Discovery a. Impact of microbiology on our lives i. Ecology, public health, biotechnology, knowledge of cell biology and genetics b. Defining what a microbe is: * a microbe is a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen c. Where did microbes come from? Evolutionary origins, fossil evidence; prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells * bacteria is the oldest
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make copies of itself—its DNA—in a structure called a chromosome. In addition, it may have extra loose bits of DNA called plasmids floating in the cytoplasm. Bacteria also have ribosomes, tools necessary for copying DNA so bacteria can reproduce. Some have threadlike structures called flagella that they use to move. o A virus may or may not have an outermost spiky layer called the envelope. All viruses have a protein coat and a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA. o The main difference between
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classifying biota into categories based on similarities and differences – Based on morphology, embryology, fossils, DNA, RNA, proteins – Taxon s. (taxa pl.) – Binomial nomenclature Taxonomic Classification • • • • • • • • Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Taxon • Binomial nomenclature • Dynamic Domains (3) • Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya • Based on: – Cell type (eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic) • Cell wall, plasma membrane,
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new material. The other 80% will be taken from material covered earlier in the semester. DNA Replication, basics of semi-conservative replication, names and functions of the 5 enzymes required for replication, origins of replication, replication bubbles, differences between leading and trailing strand replication, details of the processes occurring at the replication fork, characteristics of DNA replication, replication problems at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, functions of telomers and
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MICROBIOLOGY 2051 BRINNINSTOL Characteristics of Cells: true of all living cells * Communicate with environment * Molecules being exchanged—recognized by other cells—causes cell to do something (releasing toxins; move) * Growing—one cell divides and becomes two cells (binary fisson) * Some form appendages—form differently, look dfrnt, function dfrnt—spores, cysts, flagella * Evolve—ancestral cell Microbial Communities Table 1.1 More water than land
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