AS Biology Unit 1 page 1 AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Contents Specification Biological Molecules Chemical bonds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biochemical Tests Enzymes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell Fractionation Microscopy The Cell Membrane Movement across Cell Membranes Exchange The Gas Exchange System Lung Diseases The Heart Coronary Heart Disease The Digestive System Cholera Lifestyle and Disease Defence against Disease Immunisation Monoclonal Antibodies 1 – Mathematical Requirements
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Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health Biological Molecules Biological Molecules (a) describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms; Water is a polar molecule. This is because the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it, meaning that water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends, so they can form hydrogen bonds with each other
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Enzymes • The secret ingredient in living organism is Catalysis, a process performed by protein enzymes. • Their three-dimensional architecture gives them exquisite specificity to select the substrate molecules to which they will bind and on which they will operate. • The scene of operation called “active site” is usually a groove ,cleft or cavity on the surface of the protein. • Enzyme function frequently occurs many times, and in some cases many thousands of times per second. • The miracle
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R-AM R-PM F-AM F-PM Experiment 9 – Pre-lab Homework Enzyme Kinetics of LDH This pre-lab homework assignment is due at the beginning of your lab session. You are provided with the following portion of a protocol: • Determine concentration of enzyme stock solution, if unknown, by taking an A280 nm reading of a 1:100 dilution (in water). Use a total volume of 1 ml in the cuvette. • Dilute some of the enzyme stock with buffer A to make a 4 mg/ml solution. • Serially dilute
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Experiment 10. The effect of pepsin on egg white suspension (a) Label four test-tubes 1-4. (b) Into each tube place about 5 cm3 (20 mm in test-tube) egg white suspension. (c) To tubes 2,3 and 4 add three drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. (d) Using a graduated pipette or syringe place 1 cm3 1% pepsin solution in a clean test- tube and heat it over a small Bunsen flame until the liquid boils. Add the boiled pepsin to the egg-white suspension in tube 4. (e) Prepare a water bath in a
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structures which are sensitive to their environment so is an enzymes which works better under certain conditions than others.(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.152-155). Enzymes are organic catalysts (a chemical that speeds up a reaction without changing itself) that engages in the transformation of one organic molecule to another but with a lower activation energy.(Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR, Winter ’11 ed., pp. 1). The molecule that the enzyme acts upon is called the substrate and the molecule produced
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The Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat: Photosynthesis is the process in which certain life forms are able to use sunlight to create energy. This energy is created by making carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. Plants release large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere as they produce much more than needed during the photosynthesis process
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INTRODUCTION Microorganisms are used extensively to provide a vast range of products and services. They have proved to be particularly useful because of the ease of their mass cultivation, speed of growth, use of cheap substrates (which in many cases are wastes) and the diversity of potential products. Their ability to readily undergo genetic manipulation has also opened up almost limitless further possibilities for new products and services from the fermentation industries (Trevor Palmor, 2004)
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Have you ever wonder what is the basic structure of life was? The Process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Or even plant and animal cell structure and functions? The Process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration is a metabolic process in which inorganic material is turned into the organic material with the help of sunlight and with use of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis gives out Oxygen. Respiration in animals uses oxygen produced from the atmosphere produced by plants
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SCIE206-1303B-07 UNIT 2 IP 2 ‘Photosynthesis and Respiration’ Running Head: Photosynthesis and Respiration 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration The process in which carbon dioxide is transformed into organic compounds from sunlight is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, a natural process, offers every aerobic being on earth oxygen and also assists in maintaining a natural percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere
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