shares – Quasi-equity instruments 2. Debt □ Debt instruments represent a contractual claim on the borrower to make specific payments in the form of interest and principal amounts □ Debt may be issued with a fixed or floating interest rate, or at a discount, secured or unsecured, short or long-term 3. Derivates □ Derivate instruments derive their price from physical market instruments (either equity or debt) □ Futures, forwards, options and swaps □ Used to manage
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strategies a firm can adopt depending on the situation. 2.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The most conventional forms of international business transactions are international trade and investment. International trade refers to an exchange of products and services across borders. Exchange can be through exporting, importing or countertrade. Exporting is an entry strategy involving the sale of products and services to customers located abroad from the home base or third country. Importing is the buying of
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Trade agreements to buying and selling goods and services internationally give manufacturers in various countries the opportunity to expand beyond the domestic market. Trading across national borders increases sales, creates jobs, balances seasonal fluctuations and provides a variety of products and services. As the global economy continues to strengthen, international trade continues to be in demand. 4.2 OBJECTIVES Increases Sales For some businesses, the drop in the value of the dollar increases business
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Chapter 9 Foreign currency transactions and Hedging foreign exchange risk Answers to Questions 1. Under the two-transaction perspective, an export sale (import purchase) and the subsequent collection (payment) of cash are treated as two separate transactions to be accounted for separately. The idea is that management has made two decisions: (1) to make the export sale (import purchase), and (2) to extend credit in foreign currency to the foreign customer (obtain credit from the foreign supplier)
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Journal of Multinational Financial Management 11 (2001) 17 – 37 www.elsevier.com/locate/econbase Diversification strategy and capital structure of multinational corporations Imed Eddine Chkir a,1, Jean-Claude Cosset b,* Faculty of administration, Uni6ersity of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Street, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1N 6N5 b Departement de finance et assurance, Faculte des sciences de l’administration, Uni6ersite La6al, ´ ´ ´ Quebec, P.Q., Canada G1K7P4 ´ Received 3 April 1999; accepted 22 October
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Cisco Systems, Inc. 2011 Annual Report Annual Report 2011 Letter to Shareholders To Our Shareholders, Fiscal 2011 was one of the most transformative years we have seen at Cisco. We prioritized, simplified, and took action to drive Cisco’s continued market leadership. We aggressively changed the way we do business to become a faster and more agile partner, with the goal continuing to be to increase our ability to deliver unique value to our shareholders, customers, partners, and employees. Throughout
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Questions 3 2. International Monetary System Suggested Answers and Solutions to End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems 12 3. Balance of Payments Suggested Answers and Solutions to End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems 17 4. The Market for Foreign Exchange Suggested Answers and Solutions to End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems 23 5. International Parity Relationships Suggested Answers and Solutions to End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems 33 6. International Banking Suggested Answers and
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industrials are unable to quantify their currency risk exposure and investigate possible reasons. One possibility is that firms do not think that they need to know because they use on-balance-sheet instruments to protect themselves before and after currency rates reach troublesome levels. This is puzzling because performing a rough estimate of at least the exposure of cash flows is not prohibitive and could be valuable. Another puzzling finding is that firms use currency derivatives to hedgerinsure individual
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subdivided into 100 cents. * Prior to 1983, Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate. The first peg was between the Australian and British pounds, initially at par, and later at 0.8 GBP (16 shillings sterling). This reflected its historical ties as well as a view about the stability in value of the British pound. From 1946 to 1971, Australia maintained a peg under the Bretton Woods System, a fixed exchange rate system that pegged the U.S. dollar to gold, but the Australian dollar was effectively
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CONTENTS A. GENERAL OF MONETARYPLICY | 2 | 1. Concept | 2 | 2. The purpose of monetary policy | 2 | a. Price stability | | b. Ensure full employment | | c. Economic Growth | | 3. Tools of monetary policy | 3 | a. Open market operation | | b. Obligatory reserves | | c. Rediscount policy | | 4. Types of monetary policy | 4 | B. MONETARY POLICY IN VIETNAM (2008-2012) | 5 | 1. Monetary in 2008-2009 | 5 | 2. Monetary in 20010
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