Gaussian Beams Enrique J. Galvez Department of Physics and Astronomy Colgate University Copyright 2009 ii Contents 1 Fundamental Gaussian Beams 1.1 Spherical Wavefront in the Paraxial region 1.2 Formal Solution of the Wave Equation . . 1.2.1 Beam Spot w(z) . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Beam Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Wavefront . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Gouy Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Focusing a Gaussian Beam . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) C- 8 cm Idea that in a transverse wave the direction of vibration is perpendicular to the direction of the wave; (May be shown with labels on the diagram) Idea that longitudinal wave the direction of vibration is parallel to the direction of the wave; (May be shown with labels on the diagram) A named freehand sketch of either wave indicating the two directions; e.g. Allow (for vibration) oscillation / displacement / disturbance (for direction of wave) direction of travel / energy / transfer
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output wave form (230 / 110 volt AC) from the inverter determines its efficiency. The quality of the inverter output wave form is expressed using Fourier analysis data to calculate the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). THD is the square root of the sum of the squares of the harmonic voltage divided by the fundamental voltage. THD = √ V2 2 + V3 2 + V4 2…………. Vn 2 / V1 Based on the output waveforms, there are three types of Inverters. These are Sine wave, Modified Sine wave or Quasi sine wave and Square
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objectives for the lab this week was to measure the waves and frequency of a square, triangle and sine waves using the tools provided by the lab. Results: the results were how we expected, the results show all the calculations of the triangle, square and sine waves. Conclusions: As a conclusion I could say I learned the process to calculate the different kind of waves based of a determined frequency. Observations/Measurements: III. A. 7. Sine Wave Measurements: Frequency(kHz) | Peak Value(VP
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Independent Novel Study: Wave Part A: Plot 1. The point of view in which the story is written is of Sam and Beth Brooks, two siblings who have been separated at Christmas in 2004, with Sam on vacation away from home and Beth forcibly staying at university for a swim meet that she must attend. I believe that the author chose to write from these perspectives because both characters are greatly affected greatly by the main plot, though
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edu/physics/phet/web-pages/index.html 3. Click on Play with sims, then find Wave on a string, click on it and then select Run now. You should now see a virtual string wave lab. Follow the instructions below, typing in your answers to any questions directly into this word document. Print it out and turn it in when you are finished. (Due Wednesday 2/6) 4. Wave aspects: Select Pulse mode and click on pulse. Experiment with the various controls. Describe the changes to the wave pulse when you vary each of the 4 controls: amplitude
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Introduction: Kinect is a mainly a motion sensing input device. In this project it is used to enable control and interact with the application without the need to touch the object, through a natural user interface and using gesture and spoken commands may be. The Microsoft Kinect consists of an infrared projector, a color camera, an infrared sensor and Multi-array microphone that enables to: 1) Acoustic source localization 2) Ambient noise suppression Camera characteristics (1): The
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Introduction In this lab session we are going to study the SSBSC modulation and demodulation. The SSBSC is a shortage for Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier. It transmits only a one sideband, so that it cannot transmit both of the sum and the difference of frequencies. One advantage of the SSBSC is that it requires only half the bandwidth of the DSBC and AM. Equipment * Emona Telecom-Trainer 101 * Dual Channel 20MHz oscilloscope * Two Emona Telecom-Trainer 101 oscilloscope leads
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and into the output such as motors. The PWM period can be set to 1/frequency of the desired sound and the duty cycle could be set to 0.5. In order to increase the volume produced, the duty cycle needs to be increased. However since it is a square wave or pulse, there will also be frequencies of harmonics produced. The benefit of using a PWM hardware is that it requires minimal memory and no processor time to produce an audio output. It also works well with digital control that could set the duty
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Impressive experimental exertion is being applied in the quest for gravitational waves, the conviction being that their identification could essentially help the examining of the universe. Be that as it may, starting yet, they have been distinguished just indirectly[1]. The expectation of the presence of gravitational waves comes as an immediate outcome of Einstein's hypothesis of general relativity[1], and measuring such waves stays one the last tests of his theory[2]. As per general relativity, gravity
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