MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat jeff@google.com, sanjay@google.com Google, Inc. Abstract MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large data sets. Users specify a map function that processes a key/value pair to generate a set of intermediate key/value pairs, and a reduce function that merges all intermediate values associated with the same intermediate key. Many real world tasks
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is one that is able to take a set of inputs, process them and create a set of outputs. This is done by a combination of hardware and software. This diagram below shows you the idea of a computer system in its most basic form The computer system has one or more inputs to provide data. This data is then processed in some way. The outcome of the processing is sent to an output or it may be stored until some event happens to cause it to be output. For processing to take place, there needs to be a set
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implementing an automated approach. Automation is used for a repetitive task or to some repeating processes. An Information System is a technology to solve a human problem by converging advanced software tools and electronic devices. A transaction processing system is a system that catches and records business transaction. An example of this
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•Application controls –Input controls –Processing controls –Output controls •Testing computer application controls –Black box approach –White box approach •Computer aided audit tools and techniques for testing controls Application Controls •Programmed procedures designed to deal with potential exposures that threaten specific applications, such as payroll, purchases, and cash disbursements systems. •Three categories: –Input controls –Processing controls –Output controls Input Controls •Designed
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Student Information Management System Requirements Specification Version 3.0 . Revision History |Date |Version |Description |Author | |29/Jan/2008 |0.0 |Started RS |Global Digital Megacorp | |31/Jan/2008 |1.0 |Proofread and completed RS. |Global
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8.0 PROGRAMMING 8.1.1 Definition Program : Programming Language: 8.1 Introduction to Programming Prepared by : Pn. Marzita Ismail (SC Unit) a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. A set of words, abbreviations, and symbol that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer Eg: Java, C++, Fortran, Cobol, C 8.1.2 Types of Programming Language: 1) Low Level Programming Language • • Why Low Level? : Because it is designed closer to the hardware
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Input Taxes 1 What are input taxes? means the VAT due on or paid by a VAT-registered person on various transactions include input taxes which can be directly attributed to transactions subject to the VAT plus a ratable portion of any input tax which cannot be directly attributed to either the taxable, O-rated or exempt activity 2 Who can claim input taxes? 1. Only VAT-Registered persons can claim input taxes (whether subject to 12% or 0% VAT) 2. Some kinds of input taxes may not be claimed
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firmware E. Basic operations 6.10 input 6.11 output 6.12 processing 6.13 storage F. Names for different sizes of data 7.14 Bit 7.15 Byte 7.16 kB 7.17 MB 7.18 GB 7.19 TB 7.20 PB G. Measurement of data speed 8.21 Mbps 8.22 Gbps H. Purpose of computer 9.23 performing calculations 9.24 storing data 9.25 retrieving data 9.26 processing data INTRODUCTION: WHAT COMPUTER IS
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Data; Are recorded bits and pieces of facts related to a given transaction Working Definition; Data; Are bits and pieces of facts about a given business transaction or event which have been recorded. Are bits and pieces of facts from the input raw materials from which information is produced. 2. INFORMATION • Is data that have been processed in such a way as to be useful to the user. Note: it is vital for the producer of information to be aware of the user’s requirements, education
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present business. * Present system does not satisfy the users information needs. * Present system no longer efficiently and effectively meets the Goals of organization. * Excessive time spent in correcting errors. * Current Reports / Outputs not meting users decision making skills. * Escalating (Rising) customer and vendor complaints. System Development “Methodology” A system development methodology is a formalized, standardized, documented set of activities used to manage a system
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