connection types: 1. Circuit-switched connections 2. Packet-switched or cell-switched connections 3. Dedicated connections Each type of connection has its advantages and disadvantages. This article will summarize what each connection type has to offer, with consideration given to bandwidth, availability, cost, and ease of management. Circuit-switched connections Circuit-switched connections are currently the most popular type of WAN connection. Circuit switching transmits data
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introduced. The areas covered by the TRIPS Agreement * Copyright and related rights * Trademarks, including service marks * Geographical indications * Industrial designs * Patents * Layout-designs (topographies) of integrated circuits * Undisclosed information, including trade secrets TRIPS under different provision addresses business of Intellectual Property in global arena in different ways: For Patents * Patents
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final year project under the guidance of Dr. S. K. Sarkar, H.O.D., ETCE. Introduction to VLSI Routing The design of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits is one of the broadest areas in which the methods of combinatorial optimization can be applied. In the physical design process of VLSI circuits, the logical structure of a circuit is transformed into its physical layout. Detailed routing is one of the important tasks in this process. A detailed router connects pins of signal
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The cost of hard drive space in 1980 was around 286 dollars per bit and today it is also just a very small fraction of a penny. According to Moore’s law the number of components in integrated circuits will double every year and a half since the invention of integrated circuits in 1958. In 2010 the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors believed that growth would slow down by the end of 2013 which would put the growth to doubling every three years instead of every year and a half. With
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commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. On large machines, the CPU requires one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970's the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations. The CPU itself is an
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Unit 1 Assignment: Integrated Circuit Technology 2) Processor | Transistor count | Date of introduction | Manufacturer | Intel 4004 | 2,300 | 1971 | Intel | Intel 8008 | 3,500 | 1972 | Intel | Intel 8080 | 4,500 | 1974 | Intel | Intel 8085 | 6,500 | 1976 | Intel | Intel 8086 | 29,000 | 1978 | Intel | Intel 8088 | 29,000 | 1979 | Intel | Intel 80286 | 134,000 | 1982 | Intel | Intel 80186 | 55,000 | 1982 | Intel | Intel 80386 | 275,000 | 1985 | Intel | Intel i960 | 250,000 |
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do same things. Product offering, service, business model or operations: These areas widen the scope of innovation beyond the popular culture sense of it. Innovation can relate to a product offering, be it a brand new product built on a radical technology or a new feature. Service changes can certainly be innovations. Operational innovations can be quite valuable, such as WalMart’s work to improve its fleet efficiency by 25%. Economic development is the term given to a positive change in the level
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across ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) interfaces. It is a good example of a packet-switched technology. LAPB, which stands for, “Link Access Procedure Balanced” – is a data-link layer protocol that manages communication and packet framing between devices. It shares the same frame format, types and field functions as SDLC and HDLC. However, unlike either of those, LAPB is restricted to the ABM transfer mode and is appropriate only for combined stations. LAPB, circuits can be established
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Assignment : SADIA RIFAT SSD: SSD is known as solid state drive, it is a data storage device which has an integrated circuit as memory to store data constantly, although it does not contain an actual disk or a motor to spin a disk. The technology of SSD uses electronic interfaces compatible with hard disk drives this permits simple replacements in very easy applications. Now new interfaces have been invented to cater to certain requirements of the SSD technology.SSD does not comprise of any movable
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over final chip performances. In this regard, automation for physical design of integrated circuits remains active area of research in terms of development of efficient algorithms. The technological development in fabrication ability makes possibility to integrate more and more devices on our silicon chips forced the automation algorithms to continuously scale up. This number will keep increasing for the future technology generations, hence there is demand to place more number of transistors automatically
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