Why Has IPO Underpricing Increased Over Time? Tim Loughran University of Notre Dame P.O. Box 399 Notre Dame IN 46556-0399 219.631.8432 voice Loughran.9@nd.edu and Jay R. Ritter University of Florida P.O. Box 117168 Gainesville FL 32611-7168 352.846.2837 voice ritter@dale.cba.ufl.edu http://bear.cba.ufl.edu/ritter March 18, 2002 We wish to thank Hsuan-Chi Chen, Craig Dunbar, Todd Houge, Josh Lerner, Alexander Ljungqvist, Donghang Zhang, two anonymous referees, and seminar participants
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| Procter & Gamble | GEB 4890 | | Hessum Zangenehpour | Fall 2013 | | Table of Contents Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 2 The Company………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 2 History and Evolution……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Page 2 Mission and Major Goals…………………………………………………………………………………………. Page 2 Current Strategies……………………………………………………………………………………………………. Page 7 Competitive Environment……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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changes are implemented. However, despite good intentions at the top management level, employees and middle managers often report uncertainty and a lack of the necessary skills required to implement change. In this paper, we report from a qualitative study of two planned organizational change initiatives in the public sector. The changes involved new work tasks and managerial roles for a group of middle managers. Although the skill requirements appeared to be clear and formal training was initiated,
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estimated 69% for Wal-Mart or, for that matter, other high-performing retailers.1 The next section of this case briefly describes the structure of the global apparel chain, from producers to final customers. The section that follows profiles three of Inditex’s leading international competitors in apparel retailing: The Gap (U.S.), Hennes & Mauritz (Sweden), and Benetton (Italy). The rest of the case focuses on Inditex, particularly the business system and international expansion of the Zara chain that
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estimated 69% for Wal-Mart or, for that matter, other high-performing retailers.1 The next section of this case briefly describes the structure of the global apparel chain, from producers to final customers. The section that follows profiles three of Inditex’s leading international competitors in apparel retailing: The Gap (U.S.), Hennes & Mauritz (Sweden), and Benetton (Italy). The rest of the case focuses on Inditex, particularly the business system and international expansion of the Zara chain that
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1 Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie CHAPTER I CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie 2 CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER
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More Praise for Chaotics from Around the World “Turbulence is erratic—and it’s unpredictable. Nevertheless, we must handle it. In Chaotics, Kotler and Caslione don’t just remind us to pay attention to early signs; they give business leaders an outstanding map for how to successfully navigate a company through crises.” —Friedrich von Metzler, Member, Partners’ Committee, B. Metzler seel. Sohn & Co. Holding AG “Turbulence and unpredictability are the inevitable realities of the next few years. We
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4 TH EDITION Managing and Using Information Systems A Strategic Approach KERI E. PEARLSON KP Partners CAROL S. SAUNDERS University of Central Florida JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. To Yale & Hana To Rusty, Russell &Kristin VICE PRESIDENT & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Don Fowley Beth Lang Golub Lyle Curry Carly
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UK b Morgan Stanley, UK Received 11 July 2000; received in revised form 4 April 2001 Abstract Repo contracts, the most important form of collateralized lending, are widely used by financial institutions and hedge funds to create short-selling positions and manage their leverage profile. Moreover, they have become the primary tool of money management and monetary control of several central banks, including the Bundesbank and the newly born European Central Bank. This paper is an empirical study of
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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES TWO DECADES OF JAPANESE MONETARY POLICY AND THE DEFLATION PROBLEM Takatoshi Ito Frederic S. Mishkin Working Paper 10878 http://www.nber.org/papers/w10878 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 October 2004 This paper is written for the NBER 15th East Asian Seminar on Economics, June 25-27, 2004. The authors are grateful to Takeshi Kudo and Emilia Simeonova for their excellent research assistance. We also thank our discussants
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