COMMENTARY Open Access Understanding the complex-I-ty of metformin action: limiting mitochondrial respiration to improve cancer therapy Alba Luengo1, Lucas B Sullivan1 and Matthew G Vander Heiden1,2* Abstract Metformin has been a first-line treatment for type II diabetes mellitus for decades and is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug. Retrospective studies have found that metformin treatment is associated with both reduced cancer diagnoses and cancer-related deaths. Despite the
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Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Organic compounds such as glucose store energy in their arrangements of atoms. These molecules are broken down and their energy extracted in cellular respiration. The first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol, while the second and third stages occur in mitochondria. In cellular respiration, electrons are transferred from glucose to coenzymes such
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Role of Enzymes ¨. Catalysts that help a molecule breakdown faster. ¨. Catalysts speed up or slow down a biochemical reaction by increasing or decreasing the activation energy. Does not change in reaction. ¨. Enzymes bind to a substrate to form the enzyme substrate complex. When bound the enzyme has a specific job it was designed to do. Once the job is done, the substrate has become a product, and the enzyme moves along to the next substrate. ¨. If enzymes were
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Bio 100 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE CH 5 THE WORKING CELL 1. Properties of plasma membranes – fluid mosaic a. Lipids do what –Make up the phospholipid bilayer b. Proteins do what –embedded in lipid bilayer. Transports molecules across the membrane 2. Diffusion – movement down concentration gradient – Molecules move from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration until equilibrium is achieved 3. Passive transport/simple diffusion – diffusion across membrane. Needs no energy, energy
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Student Sheet Name: AMALISE CUBERO Instructor’s Name: Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Understanding the Scientific Method: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Instructions: Based on the virtual experiment, you will answer some questions and write a 1-page lab report using the scientific method. When your lab report is complete, submit this document to your instructor in your assignment box. Using what you learned on the lab animation, answer the following questions:
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2012). Yeasts use organic material as a means of making energy, which make them chemoorganotrophs (Smith & Smith, 2012). Carbon is procured primarily from hexose sugars, such as fructose and glucose. Yeast need either oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration or for species that are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods creating energy (Smith & Smith, 2012). There are no species of yeast species that are known to grow only anaerobically. Yeasts thrive in an environment with a slightly acidic (Smith
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2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been
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What is the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration? * Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + water (+ energy) * C6 H12 O6 + 6o2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 What is the word and fermentation equation for anaerobic respiration? * Glucose = Lactic Acid * Glucose = Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (=energy) – with this equation the ethanol and Co2 breaks downs the sugars into products e.g. like bread is made using yeast where the sugar breaks down into products. FERMENATION is where things respire
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Cellular respiration begins with glucose. Glucose is the primary fuel used in glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration. This molecule is found in the gel-like substance called cytoplasm that fills the cell. In glycolysis, glucose undergoes phosphorylation by ATP. The ATP is converted back to ADP. The glucose molecule is rearranged and undergoes a second phosphorylation by ATP. The second ATP is also converted back to ADP. Glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is split into 2 three-carbon
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION • or energy metabolism refers to the chemical breakdown of nutrients by the cell to produce energy needed by the body • the energy released from the breakdown of nutrients is not directly used by the body but used to synthesize ATP • an opposite process of photosynthesis • breaking down of carbohydrates in order to produce ATP molecules, represented as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • divided into four individual sub-pathways: - anaerobic stage, Glycolysis - a transition
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