is 62 years old, has a degree in pharmacy and started out as a product specialist at the former government owned pharmacy, Apoteket AB. There she gained experience as a project manager and she later became an executive. When Apotekens Service opened up in March 2009, she was an obvious choice for being one of the new executives there, since she had previous leadership experiences and since she was well respected and appreciated. Today, she is responsible for 24 employees and her main work tasks are
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Introducing Algorithms Dedric D. Owens PRG/211 – Algorithms and Logic for Computer Programming October 28, 2013 John Rogers Describe the Top-Down Approach to Algorithm Writing When developing a program, the top-down approach is more than not the preferred method. This is driven by what the program actually does; basically the function of the program. According to Penn State Lehigh Valley, “top-down design or stepwise refinement is an approach to designing an
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Hassan Jabbar Explain the relative merits of the top-down and bottom-up approaches to budget setting? Budgeting Budgeting is a formal process in which a company's expenses and revenues are planned for the future. Top down and bottom up are two most common budgeting techniques. In the top-down approach, upper management prepares budgets with no input from employees or lower-level managers. In the bottom-up budgeting approach, managers and employees at the department level prepare budgets
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Involving employees at all levels of the organisation in the budgeting process: 1. Participative budgeting (bottom up approach) 2. Top-down approach 3. Line-item budgeting (spend up to the specified amount on each line item) Adv: Tight control reduces likelihood of managers doing things for self-interest. Disadv: Inflexible in responding to unanticipated needs. 4. Incremental budgeting (begin with current year’s performance and adjust for expected changes.) Adv: Review focuses on incremental
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Top-Down, Bottom-Up and Metacognition – Discovering the Mind Angelica Lipscomb PHYC102-1402B-10 Robin Redfern June 15, 2014 Abstract In scientific psychology the question of how information is processed is achieved by asking to what amount a psychological procedure is motivated by top-down as opposed to bottom-up information. The difference between top-down and bottom-up processing is commonly used in experimental psychology. Top-down processing proposes that we form our observations starting
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formats(Schwalbe, 2015). Determining level of accuracy is important because in this step a manager may allocate contingency funds for cost overruns. A crucial factor when creating a budget is cost estimating. Cost estimating can be done from a bottom-up approach, top-down approach, or a parametric approach (Reincke, 2009). The later technique involves assigning fix cost values to specific tasks. For example, an electrician may estimate $25 per convenience receptacle during open wall construction versus
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Interoperability and Human Services BSHS 375 September 27, 2014 University Of Phoenix Interoperability and Human Services Human services encompass many components that focus on efficient and effective programs, providing services and benefits to the most vulnerable individuals in the state. One of Hawaii’s most profound agencies known in the State of Hawaii that is correlated with human services is “Helping Hands Hawaii.” Although there are many agencies that have different approaches
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It is often the case that companies are faced with a dilemma about whether the change initiatives must be driven from the top or they should be organic from the bottom up. This is especially the case with organizations that are growing in size where the increase employee base or the skyrocketing sales and revenues mean that the top management’s scope of control is more and hence driving change from the top alone might not just work. And for those organizations that initiate change from the top, they
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2013 INTRODUCTION “There are two major approaches to coming up with budgets for any home, small business, or larger company: the traditional method of budgeting is known as bottom-up budgeting, though many businesses and corporations, along with the United States government, are moving towards more top-down budgeting, particularly during times of fiscal stress (Peterson, 2012).” BOTTOM UP The components of the Bottom Up approach are as follows: Instruct managers in compensation policies
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Corporate Strategies MGT/230 November 24, 2014 Corporate Strategies Strategies During our group discussion, it was agreed that all the CEO’s in the video valued their employees and treat them as a team. They all found a way to take advantage of their employees in a way that would result in positive effects for their companies. The strategy each CEO chose to take resulted in a respect among the higher level employees and the lower level of employees. The two corporate strategies
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