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Essay om tale og samtale
Tale, snakke, konversere, pladre, samtale, føre dialog eller som Morten Albæk kalder det: ’Smalltalk’ – kært barn har mange navne, men Morten Albæk har i sin artikel Nedslag – mellem det vi siger og det vi gør adskilt nogle af disse synonymer så de får en bestemt betydning. Eksempelvis tilknytter han verbet ’tale’, eller som han kalder det ’smalltalk’, en negativ betydning, da han mener det er kvantitativt, egoistisk og uden noget specifikt indhold, mens han ser positivt på ’samtale’, da han anser det for at være en indholds- og lærerig kommunikationsmåde mellem to individer. Individet har i løbet af de sidste par generationer anskaffet nye, teknologiske og meget nemme måder at kommunikere på, som fx gennem sms’er eller chatbeskeder, men samtidig med de stigende muligheder at socialisere sig på, jo mere ensomt bliver individet mener Albæk, hvilket han understøtter med inddragelse af en undersøgelse der viser at ca. hver tredje unge menneske føler sig med en vis hyppighed ensom. Men hvordan kan dette hænge sammen med at vores generations kommunikationsmuligheder er større end nogensinde før? Er det teknologiens skyld at vores generation taler mere end de samtaler? Har vores generation overhovedet lært at samtale? Disse spørgsmål, og flere til, vil jeg forsøge at besvare i den kommende tekst.
Jeg begyndte at benytte mig af teknologiske kommunikationsmuligheder i form af sms’er, i 10-års-alderen, jeg havde arvet min fars gamle Nokia mobiltelefon, med antenne, da han havde anskaffet sig en ny. En mobiltelefon som den næste generation nok ikke engang vil definere en ’mobil’. Jeg havde plaget og tigget i lang tid for at få en mobil, ikke fordi jeg havde brug for en, men fordi størstedelen af min klasse også havde en. Selv efter jeg havde fået min mobil brugte jeg den ikke så ofte, jeg brugte stadig hjemmetelefonen hvis jeg skulle arrangere legeaftaler eller ringe til familiemedlemmer, det var først i 12-års-alderen jeg begyndte at sms’e til mine venner og det var også der jeg fik oprettet min Facebook konto. Nu gik det hurtigt hvis man skulle i kontakt med venner eller familie, man skulle bare tage mobilen op af lommen og med få klik fik man sendt en sms besked. Jeg følte mig ikke alene dengang, men det kan være fordi jeg stadig ofte var i socialt nærvær, man havde meget fritid til at være sammen med vennerne og tænkte ikke så meget på sine problemer. Men nu hvor jeg er en gymnasieelev og bruger meget tid på lektier og afleveringer, så har man ikke så meget tid til socialt nærvær, selvfølgelig er der meget socialt nærvær på selve gymnasiet, til fester osv. men ikke på samme måde som før i tiden. For mig, og nok også for resten af min generation føres de fleste samtaler over sms’er eller chatbeskeder hvilket måske medfører denne følelse af ensomhed fordi man mangler socialt nærvær. Det er nok ikke alle der føler sig ensomme, men jeg vil vove at påstå at alle på en dårlig dag før eller siden har følt sig ensom.
De nye muligheder for kommunikation hjælper til at mennesket får en langt større omgangskreds, som Albæk også siger det, møder et ungt menneske i vores generation flere mennesker på én uge, end hans forfædre mødte i løbet af et helt liv, men er det den rigtige måde at få nye venner på? Albæk mener at samtale er fundamentet for, at to mennesker kan lære hinanden at kende. Dette udsagn vil jeg give ham ret i, de teknologiske midler forhindrer at man får alle kvaliteter af en kommunikativ interaktion med, hvilket forhindrer at man lærer et andet menneske bedre at kende. Når man eksempelvis kommunikerer gennem sms’er har man ikke muligheden for fx at have øjenkontakt, aflæse deres kropssprog, lytte til deres stemmeleje mm. Men nogle gange kan det vel være noget positivt, bare at kunne sende en sms, uden at skulle til at snakke med personen, hvis man eksempelvis er nervøs som Mikael Wulff var da han som ung skulle spørge en pige om hun ville med ham i biografen. En historie som han fortalte i Casper Christensen og Lars Hjortshøjs nye tv-show ved navn ”Casper og Lars præsenterer” på TV2 Zulu. Her snakker Mikael Wulff om hvor svært det var at skulle ringe var sin hjemmetelefon placeret i hans stue til pigen han ville invitere ud. Dengang havde man jo normalt kun en telefon i hvert hjem, og derfor blev det endnu værre da pigens far tog telefonen. Wulff siger at nutidens ungdom har det meget nemmere, med vores mobiltelefoner og chatprogrammer.
Det er dog ikke kun gennem sms’er og chatbeskeder man kan kommunikere længere, kommunikationsformerne har i de sidste par år udviklet og udbredt sig utroligt meget. I dag findes der programmer der gør det muligt at videochatte med mennesker på den anden side af kloden, og så er de endda gratis. Det nok mest populære videochat program hedder Skype, men der findes også anonyme videochat programmer hvor man kan videochatte med en fremmed person, og hvis ikke man finder den person attraktiv, spændende eller i det hele taget bare ikke gider snakke med den person er man kun ét klik væk fra at undvige ydereligere kontakt. Et anonymt program som dette, stiller sig op imod de traditionelle normer, hvis man i den virkelige verden bare sådan ville gå fra person til person indtil man fandt en man selv synes om, ville man blive set ned på.
Generelt tænker unge mennesker ikke på hvordan man opfører sig online, man tænker ikke over at det faktisk er rigtige mennesker, som en selv, der sidder bag skærmen et andet sted og snakker med en. I den virtuelle verden har man ikke den samme respekt overfor andre som man har hvis de står lige over for en. Dette ses ofte i forskellige fora på forskellige internetsider, folk sidder direkte og sviner hinanden til bare fordi de har forskellige holdninger. Som en ivrig internetbruger har jeg selv oplevet dette alt for ofte, et nyt begreb ’trolls’, på dansk internet-trold eller forumtrold, er i den sidste tid blevet meget populært da det meget præcist beskriver hvad mange af internetbrugerne er, deres attituder er fjendske og aggressive uden nogen rigtig grund, man kan vel sammenligne dem med hooligans der nærmest kun går til fodboldkampe for at komme op at slås med fans fra det modsatte hold. Disse internet-trolde hærger på mange internetsider men ses sjældent i den virkelige verden, dette er højest sandsynligt fordi det er muligt at være anonym online, der er ikke de samme konsekvenser som i det virkelige liv.
Illustrationen af Robert Tinney, ved navn ”Smalltalk” (fra det canadiske tidsskrift ”Byte” 1961) viser meget godt hvor isoleret ’smalltalkere’ er fra resten af samfundet, på trods af at smalltalkerne flyver højt i en farverig ballon hvilke jo virker positivt, så er de samtidig langt væk fra det faste grundlag. Man kan dog også vælge at tolke billedet som en overgang, varmluftsballonen er på vej væk fra det gamle, i dette tilfælde slottet, som symboliserer den gammeldags måde at kommunikere på, og på vej hen til det nye, hvilket er kommunikationsmetoder gennem sms’er og chatbeskeder.

De nye kommunikationsmuligheder som teknologien har åbnet op for har både haft negative og positive betydninger. Unge mennesker tænker sig desværre ikke om når de færdes i den virtuelle verden da de ved at anonymiteten gør at de kan sige hvad der passer dem uden nogle store konsekvenser. Dog har teknologien også medført at mennesker nu hurtigt og nemt kan kommunikere gennem sms’er og chatbeskeder, men har det også medført at vi er mere tilbøjelige til at tale frem for at samtale? Er nutidens ungdom blevet mere ensom på grund af disse nye måder at kommunikere på? Kan man faktisk dele det op som Morten Albæk gør, og sige at ’smalltalk’ er noget negativt og vi ikke burde benytte de nemme teknologiske kommunikationsmuligheder, men i stedet føre en samtale over en kop te som man gjorde i de gode gamle dage?

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...[pic] Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика английского языка Издательство: М.: Высшая школа, 1977 г. В учебнике рассматриваются общие проблемы стилистики, дается стилистическая квалификация английского словарного состава, описываются фонетические, лексические и лексико-фразеологические выразительные средства, рассматриваются синтаксические выразительные средства и проблемы лингвистической композиции отрезков высказывания, выходящие за пределы предложения. Одна глава посвящена выделению и классификации функциональных стилей. Книга содержит иллюстративный текстовой материал. Предназначается для студентов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков и филологических факультетов университетов. GALPERIN STYLISTICS SECOND EDITION, REVISED Допущено Министерством высшего и среднего специального образования СССР в качестве учебника для студентов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков |[pic] |MOSCOW | | |"HIGHER SCHOOL" | | |1977 | TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Предисловие к первому изданию……………………………………………………..6 Предисловие к второму изданию……………………………………………………..7 Part I. Introduction 1. General Notes on Style and Stylistics…………………………………………9 2. Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD)………………………...25 3. General Notes on Functional Styles of Language……………………………32 4. Varieties of Language………………………………………………………..35 5. A Brief...

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