...Sociology Essay: “Examine the factors affecting power relationships and the division of labour between couples” (24 marks) A power relationship is defined as an imbalance of power between the two people within a relationship. Traditionally, this will mean that one partner will be dominant and manipulative towards the other. Michelle Barrett and Mary McIntosh support this idea that there is an imbalance of power between men and women in heterosexual relationships. They believe the men gain far more from domestic work than they give back in finance. Additionally, this sense of ‘power’ suggestively is rooted from the means of finances – men generally earn more and exert this power on decision making and resources in the household. For example, Barett and McIntosh argue that men usually make these decisions, concluding that financial input is a key factor within a power relationship. Furthermore, it is argued by Elaine Kempson that this imbalance is apparent among low-income families. She notes that within these families, women’s basic human rights are ignored or not seen as a priority, such as women having smaller portions of food or simply skipping meals altogether. Other needs that are set aside are their own female needs and seldom going out. This theory links closely to the fact that power relationships, from a financial perspective, are observed by two key factors; pooling and an allowance system. Evidence of a more symmetrical, balanced relationship financially is shown...
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...Re-write. Examine the factors affecting power relationships and the division of labour between couples (24 marks). The domestic division refers to how household and childcare tasks are shared between the adult partners in a household. Domestic tasks could include tasks like washing, ironing or even childcare. These tasks were seen as tasks that would be commonly be took up by the woman of the household as they experience what Parsons would call the expressive role. Functionalists saw this being the norm of the typical family household, which they thought to be a nuclear family. However, more recent times have proven that the domestic division of labour has revolutionised and is now a lot more equal, meaning men share household tasks with the women. Through society we also see a diverse nature of power within relationships between couples. Factors upon power authorised in relationships could have to do with person with the most power within; financial, physical or political. Young and Willmott take on the ‘march of progress view’ which see couples to more equal and fair. Feminists reject this view as they see that the family is still patriarchal dominated through roles taken upon. It can be seen throughout society that opportunities have arisen for women to go out into paid employment, thus giving women a sense of financial independence and not being self-reliant on their husbands. This theory was proposed by Young and Willmott, they also found that the division of labour becomes...
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...have 30 minutes to write a 20 mark answer. * The essays will consist 4 paragraphs and a conclusion containing new information. How to use this document: * Use the extract from the mark scheme and examiners’ advice to create essay plans of the questions. * You may not have heard of all of the concepts in the mark scheme but there should be at least some that are familiar to you. * The examiner’s advice usually outlines bad, moderate and good answers to the question so pick out the ways in which you can achieve top band and incorporate this into your plan. June 2015 Examine the impact of government policies and laws on family life. [24 marks] From the mark scheme: Concepts and issues such as the following may appear: patriarchy; familism; surveillance; ideological control; gender regimes; marital breakdown; family structure; family diversity; welfare dependency; underclass; reserve army of labour Policies/laws on abortion; divorce; contraception; reproductive technology; marriage; adoption; pensions; benefits; taxes; education; childcare; child protection; sexuality; immigration may be discussed Analysis and evaluation may be developed, for instance by comparing the impact of different policies/laws or by discussing perspectives on social policy and the family (eg New Right, feminist, functionalist etc) From the examiner’s report: The most successful answers were able to identify relevant policies...
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...Environmental analysis 24 Summary 27 01 9780199203055_001_030_CH01.qxd 2 X 11/1/07 15:14 Page 2 Introduction Learning objectives When you have completed this chapter you will able to: l Recognize different uses of the term business, and understand the different forms of business in terms of, for example, private, public and not-for-profit organizations l Describe the complexity of the external environment in which business operates and explain the idea of environmental uniqueness l Understand the nature of the ‘internal’ environment of business l Understand how businesses must respond to changing environmental factors in order to operate successfully, but also how they seek to influence the environment l Use analysis tools such as PEST or SWOT to examine the business environment l Understand the approach to the business environment of this book and how to use it in your studies...
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...Sample Research Paper on Citizenship Introduction Citizenship is being defined as the relationship between the state and individuals. Historically citizenship is being inevitably linked with the state formation. Originally citizenship was denoting residence of people within protected walls of a city. Thus, whoever belonged to a community residing inside the boundaries was considered a citizen. Later this term has acquired a different meaning and the standards and definitions of citizenship have changed. There were many reasons that have caused such changes: history proceeded with its migrations, wars and annexation and along on its way brought new meanings to citizenship. Such change in definition, for example, can be found in suffrage granted to women and the nonpropertied classes. Paupers, convicts and soldiers are another example of how political and civil rights were once a privilege of certain classes only (Dahrendorf, 1974, p. 11). With the introduction of mass democracy and social protection as well as introduction of welfare state a need in the new conception that would look on the relationship on an individual and the state appeared consequently. The norms of citizenship, therefore, have improved with the development of state and citizenship became a multination concept, which implies different things to different nations (Dahrendorf, 1974, p. 12). According to Michael Ignatieff (1995), the introduction of the welfare state can be explained as an attempt to make citizenship...
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...INTRODUCTION The term "Industrial Relations" has developed both a broad and a narrow meaning. Originally, industrial relations was broadly defined to include the totality of relationships and interactions between employers and employees. From this perspective, industrial relations covers all aspects of the employment relationship, including human resource (or personnel) management, employee relations, and union-management (or labor) relations. Since the mid-twentieth century, however, the term has increasingly taken on a narrower, more restricted interpretation that largely equates it with unionized employment relationships. In this view, industrial relations pertains to the study and practice of collective bargaining, trade unionism, and labor-management relations, while human resource management is a separate, largely distinct field that deals with nonunion employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of employers. Both meanings of the term coexist in the twenty-first century, although the latter is the more common. ORIGINS The term "industrial relations" came into common usage in the 1910s, particularly in 1912 upon the appointment by President William Taft of an investigative committee titled the Commission on Industrial Relations. The commission's charge was to investigate the causes of widespread, often violent labor conflict and make recommendations regarding methods to promote greater cooperation and harmony among employers and employees. Shortly...
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...DARLINGTON PHIRIM M ECONOMICS DEF: a dynamic subject that studies e changes in e economy -it is a scientific inquiry where economic agents seek to allocate scarce resources efficiently. This goes about in answering fundamental economic questions, how, what and 4 whom. (P. Samuelson) -it’s a human science which studies e relationship between e use of scarce resources and their uses that strive for them. BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEM SCARCITY –human needs and wants tend to be infinity. This leads to what can be refered as the economic problem. ...
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...SOCIOLOGICA 2006 Work–Life ‘Balance’ in Europe Rosemary Crompton and Clare Lyonette Department of Sociology, City University, London, UK abstract: Although work–life ‘balance’ is an EU policy priority, within Europe there are considerable variations in the nature and extent of supports that national governments have offered to dual-earner families. In general, the Nordic welfare states offer the highest level of supports, although other countries, such as France, have historically offered extensive childcare supports to working mothers. We examine national variations in reported levels of work–life conflict, drawing upon questions fielded in the 2002 Family module International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys for Britain, France, Finland, Norway and Portugal. We find evidence of a ‘societal effect’ in the cases of Finland and Norway, in that significantly lower levels of work–life conflict are reported in these countries even after a range of factors have been controlled for. However, support for childcare in...
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...Finance Lecturer: Rexford Sam Student: Alessandro J. Nigra Date: May 29, 2016 Executive Summary The paper should present and discuss the most relevant old and new trade theories and all its components. Once they are presented, Integration may arise not only as a key concept but as one of the ultimate goals of international trade. Integration should be described and analysed not only theoretically but with the European case as framework. Finally, the conclusion may be presented showing all the benefits and drawbacks of integration. Table of contents Introduction 1 Analysis 2 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 11 Appendix 13 Introduction The aim of this project is to present, characterize, examine and analyse the nature and sense of the European integration. In order to achieve it some of the most important trade theories will be presented. Not only the classic ones but also some of the more recent ones, which will allow the analysis to fundament and give an accurate background to the idea of integration and all its components. The study should be focalized into the old classical trade theories of Absolute and Comparative Advantages, the Heckscher-Ohlin model and its Samuelson variation. Then, some of the newest classical trade theories such as the New Trade theory and the International Product Life Cycle theory will be discussed. Finally, it will be mentioned one new contemporary trade theory made by Michael Porter´s referring...
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...FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ DECISION TO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL A Research Paper Presented to Center for Social Development Research Cor Jesu College Digos City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For Academic Research by HERMOGENES C. ORION, JR, Ed.D ERIKKA JUNE D. FOROSUELO, DM-HRM JEAN M. CAVALIDA, MA, RGC March 2013 COR JESU COLLEGE Sacred Heart Ave., Digos City 8002 Davao del Sur Philippines APPROVAL SHEET ------------------------------------------------- As a requirement for Academic Research, this research paper entitled: FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ DECISION TO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL has been prepared and submitted by HERMOGENES C. ORION, JR., ERIKKA JUNE D. FOROSUELO, JEAM M. CAVALIDA ------------------------------------------------- APPROVED by the Oral Examination Committee DR.MARIA ELENA MORALES DR. LETICIA CANSANCIO Panel Member Panel Member DR. ALEX D. NIEZ Chairperson ------------------------------------------------- Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Academic Research. DR. ALEX D. NIEZ College Dean MAY 2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...
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...5 Cost Allocation and Activity-Based Costing Systems L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S After studying this chapter, you will be able to 1. Explain the major purposes for allocating costs. 2. Explain the relationship between activities, resources, costs, and cost drivers. 3. Use recommended guidelines to charge the variable and fixed costs of service departments to other organizational units. 4. Identify methods for allocating the central costs of an organization. 5. Use the direct, step-down, and reciprocal allocation methods to allocate service department costs to user departments. 6. Describe the general approach to allocating costs to products or services. 7. Use the physical units and relative-sales-value methods to allocate joint costs to products. 8. Use activity-based costing to allocate costs to products or services. 9. Identify the steps involved in the design and implementation of activity-based costing systems. 10. Calculate activity-based costs for cost objects. 11. Explain why activity-based costing systems are being adopted. 12. Explain how just-in-time systems can reduce non-value-added activities Cost Accounting System. The techniques used to determine the cost of a product or service by collecting and classifying costs and assigning them to cost objects. A university’s computer is used for teaching and for government-funded research. How much of its cost should be assigned to each task? A city creates a special police unit to investigate a series...
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...Introduction To Public Administration–MGT111 VU LESSON 01 INTRODUCTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The course on Public Administration/Management has following objectives: Understand the concept of public administration/ management/organization Understand the evolution of the concept of public administration and its importance Understand the role of government Understand the role and core functions of public manager Understand the structure of government /organizations Create understanding about the skills required by the public manager in imparting duties Understand the changing role of government and role of public managers. Importance of Course: The course on public administration/management is important as every citizen must understand the functioning of government. Besides, whether one works in private or public organization, or one is doing ones own business or whatever the profession, this course is useful as it helps understand organizations and their functioning. It also helps us understand the environment in which we are working. Introduction: definitions, concepts & setting At the end of lecture the students should be able to understanding: • The meaning of PA • The practice of public administration (PA) • Public administration as a subject of study • Definition of Public administration • Public administration, democracy and rights of citizens The Meaning The word ‘administration’ has been derived from Latin words ‘ad’ = to and ‘ministiare’ = serve and ‘Public’ =people...
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...of industry environment analysis |7-8 | |4 Other critical factors for the airline industry |8-9 | |5 Future directions/recommendations |9-10 | | | | |Appendices |11-26 | |1 Macro-environment analysis |11-16 | |2 Industry environment analysis |17-26 | Reference List 27 Main Body 1. Introduction The European airline industry is a vigorous industry with changing trends that relate to the overall European economy. Traditionally, the European airline industry was mainly comprised of full-service carriers, such as Lufthansa and British Airways. Nevertheless, this situation changed quite swiftly (Datta & Chakravarty n.d.). Government deregulations freed European airline markets from restrictions on prices, competition and services. This enabled low-cost carriers (such as Easyjet and Ryanair) to bring in new services across Europe (Lynch R 2008, p. 750). Currently, low-cost airlines are “the order of the day in Europe” (Datta & Chakravarty n.d.). Key success factors are critical drivers that organisations need to do well, in order to survive (Hubbard, Rice & Beamish 2008...
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...INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY STUDENT GUIDELINE NOTES GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY MODULE Paste the notes here… Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Political economy originated in moral philosophy (e.g. Adam Smith was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow), it developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states — polities, hence political economy. In late nineteenth century, the term "political economy" was generally replaced by the term economics, used by those seeking to place the study of economy upon mathematical and axiomatic bases, rather than the structural relationships of production and consumption (cf. marginalism, Alfred Marshall). History of the term Originally, political economy meant the study of the conditions under which production was organized in the nation-states. The phrase économie politique (translated in English as political economy) first appeared in France in 1615 with the well known book by Antoyne de Montchrétien: Traicté de l’oeconomie politique. French physiocrats, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx were some of the exponents of political economy. In 1805, Thomas Malthus became England's first professor of political economy, at the East India Company College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. The world's first professorship in political economy was established in 1763 at the University...
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...Greek means a State. The early writers used the term “Political Economy” for the management of the State. A person who runs a family is expected to make the best use of the income of the household. Similarly, the State is expected to get the maximum benefit for the society. Hence the term “Political Economy”. The existence of human wants is the starting point of all economic activity in the world. Unless we make efforts, we cannot satisfy wants. Hence, wants, efforts and satisfaction form the circle of economics. We may say economics is the science of wants. But in the real world, the means which satisfy our wants are limited, that is, there is scarcity of the means which satisfy our wants. Time and money are limited. And land, labour and capital which are used in...
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