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KONTEKS ALIANSI LINTAS BATAS DAN UKM

Pengantar aliansi lintas batas
Pentingnya strategis aliansi telah meningkat dalam proses globalisasi. Aliansi lintas batas adalah perjanjian kerja sama antara dua atau lebih perusahaan dari latar belakang nasional yang berbeda, untuk menguntungkan semua mitra. * Non-ekuitas aliansi lintas batas adalah kendaraan investasi yang keuntungan dan tanggung jawab lainnya ditugaskan untuk masing-masing pihak sesuai dengan kontrak. Masing-masing pihak bekerja sama sebagai badan hukum yang terpisah dan dikenakan kewajiban sendiri. Contohnya aliansi teknologi strategis internasional atau R& D aliansi serta perjanjian kerja sama di bidang fungsional yang berbeda seperti pemasaran atau produksi. * Mode ekuitas melibatkan pembelian saham asing investor langsung dari perusahaan di negara lain'. Termasuk pembentukan anak perusahaan, baik melalui investasi greenfield atau akuisisi, serta melalui usaha patungan atau merger. Yang terakhir ini biasanya melibatkan strategi kolaborasi jangka panjang, yang memerlukan dukungan praktek-praktek SDM yang sesuai.Mereka mewakili lintas batas berbasis ekuitas aliansi.
Ekuitas serta non-ekuitas aliansi lintas batas menimbulkan tantangan spesifik dalam manajemen sumber daya manusia internasional. Seringkali, ini sangat penting untuk keberhasilan operasi internasional. Catatan Schuler dan Tarique, Beberapa isu-isu HR yang sangat penting untuk keberhasilan internasional atau lintas batas berbasis ekuitas aliansi juga akan naik di non-ekuitas aliansi lintas perbatasan, tetapi mereka sering kurang penting bagi keberhasilan aliansi. Oleh karena itu, perbedaan dalam HRM ekuitas dan non-ekuitas aliansi lintas batas seharusnya terletak pada sejauh yang berbeda untuk yang terjadi masalah SDM yang spesifik.Namun, itu harus dinyatakan bahwa ada Defisit penelitian sehubungan dengan HRM non-ekuitas aliansi lintas batas dan berada di luar lingkup bab ini untuk membahas implikasi dari semua entri asing mode secara rinci.
Equity and non-equity modes of foreign operation

Merger dan akuisisi lintas batas
Merger merupakan hasil kesepakatan antara dua perusahaan untuk bergabung operasi mereka negosiasi bersama-sama. Mitra seringkali sama.
Akuisisi, di sisi lain, terjadi ketika satu perusahaan membeli lain perusahaan dengan kepentingan mengendalikan kegiatan gabungan operations. Ini adalah kasus ketika perusahaan baja Mittal Belanda, peringkat kedua oleh Volume produksi baja mentah pada tahun 2005, memprakarsai pengambilalihan bermusuhan dari Arcelor kelompok yang berbasis di Luksemburg, peringkat pertama dalam statistik yang sama.
Gambar 3-2 menunjukkan bahwa merger biasanya menghasilkan pembentukan perusahaan baru sementara akuisisi melibatkan perusahaan menjaga identitas hukum dan mengintegrasikan perusahaan baru ke dalam kegiatan sendiri. Tantangan SDM kedua kasus terdiri dari menciptakan praktik HR baru dan strategi yang memenuhi persyaratan M & A.
Dalam konteks volume internasional ini, fokus kami akan berada di lintas batas merger dan akuisisi (M & As). Perusahaan dengan kantor pusat yang terletak di dua negara yang berbeda yang bersangkutan. Banyak tantangan yang dihadapi dalam HRM merger dan akuisisi dalam serupa, dan untuk alasan ini kami tidak akan jauh berbeda-dibedakan lagi antara dua entitas tersebut. UNCTAD mendefinisikan lintas batas M & As sebagai berikut: 'Lintas batas M & As melibatkan sebagian atau penuh pengambilalihan atau penggabungan modal, aset dan kewajiban yang ada perusahaan di negara oleh TNC [perusahaan transnasional] dari negara lain. M & Seperti umumnya melibatkan pembelian aset yang ada dan perusahaan. "
Merger dan akuisisi yang dominan yang fitur dari sistem bisnis internasional sebagai perusahaan berusaha untuk memperkuat mereka posisi pasar dan memanfaatkan peluang pasar baru '.19
Figure 3-1 The formation processes of M&As and HR challenges

Beberapa faktor yang menjadi perusahaan mempertimbangkan ketika memutuskan pada negara target meliputi: pertumbuhan aspirasi dari perusahaan yang mengakuisisi, diversifikasi risiko, keunggulan teknologi, sebuah Menanggapi kebijakan pemerintah di suatu negara tertentu, keuntungan kurs, kondisi politik dan ekonomi yang menguntungkan, atau upaya untuk mengikuti klien.
Meskipun tingkat pertumbuhan tahunan di bidang M & As tinggi tampaknya ada sebuah kesenjangan antara nilai tambah yang diharapkan dan manfaat yang direalisasikan dari M & A. Namun, ada apresiasi yang berkembang bahwa cara M & A dikelola selama fase yang berbeda (terutama pada fase integrasi pasca merger) memiliki impek kinerjanya, dan pada gilirannya pada nilai tambah yang diciptakan. M & A manajemen pemerintah telah diteliti dari berbagai perspektif yang berbeda. Karya Larsson dan Finkelstein memberikan gambaran yang sangat baik dari M & As dari penelitian yang berbeda bidang termasuk manajemen strategis, ekonomi, keuangan, teori organisasi dan manajemen SDM.
Kualitas hubungan karyawan, mulai dari karyawan dukungan kepada resistensi karyawan, dipengaruhi oleh variabel seperti kesamaan antara gaya manajemen dari dua organisasi, jenis cross-kombinasi perbatasan, potensi kombinasi dalam hal peningkatan efisiensi, atau tingkat integrasi organisasi. Ada bukti bahwa resistensi karyawan membahayakan M & A kinerja karena dapat menghambat realisasi sinergi. Ini penting bahwa semua M & As efektif mengelola isu-isu di mana ketahanan-karyawan dikan di temui, agar dukungan karyawan dapat berkembang. Hal ini merupakan sebuah proses di mana fungsi HRM dapat memainkan peran utama.
Sebuah studi oleh Birkinshaw et al. menemukan bahwa integrasi tugas antara dua perusahaan yang saling terkait dengan integrasi manusia. Dimensi manusia dalam tegration dalam studi ini termasuk visibilitas dan kontinuitas kepemimpinan, komunikasi proses tion selama integrasi, mekanisme mengintegrasikan digunakan, personil yang diperoleh ditahan dan kehilangan tenaga sukarela. Tugas dan integrasi manusia berinteraksi berbeda-fase untuk mendorong penciptaan nilai dalam akuisisi:
Pada tahap satu, integrasi tugas menyebabkan solusi memuaskan yang membatasi interaksi antara unit mengakuisisi dan memperoleh, sementara integrasi manusia berjalan lancar dan menyebabkan konvergensi budaya dan saling menghormati. Di tahap dua, ada baru integrasi tugas dibangun di atas keberhasilan integrasi manusia yang telah dicapai, yang menyebabkan jauh lebih besar saling ketergantungan antara unit diperoleh dan memperoleh.
Gambar 3-4 merangkum dampak integrasi manusia dan tugas akuisisi pada hasil akuisisi.
Birkinshaw et al. Menyimpulkan bahwa proses integrasi manusia terutama sulit untuk mengelola dan membutuhkan waktu. Kompleksitas dan panjang integrasi peningkatan proses bahkan lebih dalam kasus aliansi lintas-perbatasan. Salah satu alasan untuk ini adalah bahwa kedua perusahaan menjalani proses akuisisi yang tertanam dalam , pengaturan mereka sendiri nasional kelembagaan dan budaya. Masalah-masalah khas yang muncul di lintas batas M & As melibatkan berikut: * Dalam tahun pertama dari merger, tidak jarang untuk top perusahaan tingkat manajemen untuk kehilangan hingga 20 persen dari para eksekutifnya. Selama lebih lama kerangka waktu, persentase ini cenderung meningkat lebih jauh. * Masalah personil sering diabaikan. * Akhirnya, sejumlah besar M & As gagal atau tidak menghasilkan hasil yang diharapkan.
Ketika suatu perusahaan diakuisisi oleh perusahaan lain, begitu juga tenaga kerja yang ada. Mengingat fakta ini, kami akan menjelaskan fase khusus karakteristik lintas batas M & A proses dan garis yang praktik HR penting di masing-masing berbeda tahap. Pada titik ini, harus diakui bahwa sejauh mana praktek HR ini dilakukan sangat tergantung pada sejauh mana integrasi dari dua Perusahaan sebenarnya dicita-citakan. Dalam kasus integrasi rendah (misalnya jika M & A adalah dilakukan terutama untuk alasan portofolio) kedua perusahaan tetap budaya yang terpisah. Namun, dalam kasus integrasi yang tinggi, sangat penting untuk M & A untuk memenuhi HR persyaratan dari fase yang berbeda, yang akan diuraikan pada bagian berikutnya.

Figure 3-4 Impact of the human integration and task acquisition on acquisition outcome

M & A fase dan implikasi HR
Biasanya, merger dan akuisisi yang ditandai dengan fase yang berbeda. Tergantung pada publikasi, fase ini akan memiliki nama yang berbeda. Namun, M & A Proses biasanya terdiri dari langkah-langkah berikut: * pra-M & A fase termasuk pemutaran mitra alternatif yang didasarkan pada analisis kekuatan dan kelemahan mereka. * fase due diligence36 yang berfokus pada analisis potensi manfaat dari merger. Di sini, kombinasi produk-pasar, peraturan pajak, dan juga kompatibilitas terhadap HR dan isu-isu budaya yang menarik.37 * Pada tahap perencanaan integrasi, yang didasarkan pada hasil karena fase ketekunan, perencanaan untuk perusahaan baru dilakukan. * Dalam pelaksanaan rencana fase yang dimasukkan ke dalam tindakan.
Figure 3-5 HR activities in the phases of a cross-border M&A

HRM strategis dan peran fungsi HR di M & As
Aguilera dan Dencker menyarankan pendekatan strategis untuk manajemen SDM di M & A proses. Berdasarkan literatur HRM strategis menunjukkan kesesuaian antara bisnis strategi dan strategi SDM mereka berpendapat bahwa perusahaan harus sesuai M mereka & strategi A dengan strategi SDM mereka dengan mengandalkan tiga alat konseptual:
Sumber daya didefinisikan sebagai aset berwujud seperti uang dan orang-orang, dan aktiva tidak berwujud, seperti merek dan hubungan. Dalam konteks HRM di Keputusan M & As tentang sumber daya melibatkan isu-isu staf dan retensi, dengan keputusan penghentian menjadi sangat penting. Proses mengacu pada kegiatan bahwa perusahaan digunakan untuk mengkonversi sumber daya menjadi barang dan jasa yang berharga. Untuk Misalnya, dalam kasus kami, ini akan melatih dan program pembangunan sebagai serta sistem penilaian dan penghargaan. Akhirnya, nilai-nilai cara di mana karyawan berpikir tentang apa yang mereka lakukan dan mengapa mereka melakukannya. Nilai bentuk prioritas karyawan dan pengambilan keputusan.42
Ide-ide ini memberikan titik awal untuk mengembangkan strategi HR untuk baru menciptakan entitas. Oleh karena itu, mereka memberikan petunjuk tentang cara untuk memenuhi intra-merger atau intra-tantangan HR akuisisi diuraikan dalam Gambar 3-2. Mengambil pendekatan strategis seperti dan menyelaraskan kegiatan HRM dengan M & A strategi terhadap sumber daya,proses dan nilai-nilai juga merupakan tugas yang menantang bagi manajer HR untuk melakukan. Itu Manajer HR harus mengembangkan serangkaian kegiatan SDM yang terintegrasi yang tidak hanya di sejalan dengan strategi bisnis tetapi dengan M & A strategi juga.43 Berdasarkan Karya terkenal Ulrich (1997),44 fungsi HR dapat mengambil peran strategis mitra (yaitu pengelolaan sumber daya strategis manusia), seorang ahli administrasi (Yaitu manajemen infrastruktur perusahaan), juara karyawan (yaitu manajemen dari kontribusi karyawan), atau agen perubahan (yaitu manajemen transformasi dan perubahan). Dalam setiap tahapan proses M & A masing-masing peran melibatkan kegiatan yang berbeda.
Peran ekspatriat di M & As
Peran ekspatriat telah dibahas sehubungan dengan transfer pengetahuan antara perusahaan yang diakuisisi. Namun, transfer pengetahuan tidak dijamin oleh masing-masing tugas internasional. Sementara beberapa penelitian telah mengungkapkan pentingnya pengalaman kerja sebelumnya dengan tertentu negara tuan rumah atau dengan modus entri tertentu sebagai faktor keberhasilan untuk expatriates yang terlibat dalam integrasi merger,ini belum dikonfirmasi untuk akuisisi. Dalam sebuah studi oleh Hébert et al., Pengalaman sebelumnya tidak memiliki dampak pada kinerja perusahaan yang diakuisisi.
Berbeda dengan temuan ini, studi yang disebutkan di atas pada M & Seperti di Jerman revealed bahwa integrasi yang sukses tergantung pada pengalaman industri manajer, pengalaman dengan proyek-proyek serupa dan, terutama dalam hal aliansi lintas-perbatasan, tingkat kompetensi antarbudaya. Penekanan pada pengalaman industri ini sejalan dengan saran oleh Hébert et al. yang menyatakan bahwa pengalaman industri adalah impor-aset tant ketika kepegawaian anak perusahaan yang diakuisisi dengan ekspatriat karena dapat menyebabkan untuk transfer praktik terbaik.
Argumen-argumen ini memiliki implikasi untuk staf pasca-merger integrasi-Tim tion. Hébert et al.49 menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan-perusahaan memperoleh seharusnya tidak sepenuhnya bergantung pada penempatan ekspatriat dalam tim manajemen puncak dari suatu diperoleh anak perusahaan. Mereka menyarankan menciptakan tim yang kuat termasuk campuran keduanya - ekspatriat dan anggota lokal dari manajemen puncak - dan bahwa akuisisi inte- Gration dipandang sebagai proses pembelajaran.
Sebuah studi oleh Villinger (1996) dari 35 akuisisi oleh MNEs Barat di Hungaria, Republik Ceko, Slovakia dan Polandia pada pasca-akuisisi belajar manajerial menyoroti pentingnya keterampilan manajemen lintas batas yang sesuai. Itu Penulis menekankan bahwa kemampuan bahasa lokal serta kepekaan terhadap budaya perbedaan sangat penting untuk M & A sukses. Hal ini terutama penting untuk dicatat ini ketika perusahaan dari negara-negara berkembang merupakan perusahaan yang diakuisisi dalam M & A proses.

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...1.0 Executive Summary Gardenia bread activities are making flour product based in Shah Alam, Kuala Lumpur. The journey begins in 1984, when a group of housewives group together to make very delicious and interesting good looking low fat bread. Our keys to success are: 1. Integrate the value chain to enhance productivity and efficiency. 2. Strengthen the industry’s image. 3. Strive for the highest standard of quality. 4. Innovate and adopt the nutrition methods. 5. Leverage on health in nutrition. 6. Benefit from globalization including the export of nutrition products. 1.1 Objectives 1.  Achieve an average sales transaction of RM 4.50 per customer within the first year. 2.  Increase profit by 10% in the second year of business. 3. Long time plan is to build a cookie network chain that can not only compete but a market leader around the globe. Long term 1. To achieve high standard quality control 2. Build brand image and brand equity through effective marketing 3. Achieve sustainable supplies to the market 4. To produce dozens types of cookies in order to cover various market segment. 1.2 Vission One Good bread at a Fair Price 1.3 Mission GARDENIA BREAD SDN BHD wants to be to introduce the Malaysian Nutrition Industry and aims to:- * To provide bread to the population in Malaysia and also abroad at Shanghai, China. * To generating profits and higher return to owners. * Give satisfaction to our customers and the country our produce...

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...1. What are the strengths and weaknesses associated with each of the three candidates? The first candidate, Marie Erten-Loiseau, strengths include years of experience working for Trianon in both France and Germany, which means she is familiar with the organization’s culture and history. Another strength is that she has lead two successful projects in Poland and the Czech Republic, proving she has the ability to work in other countries. One reason that Erten-Loiseau may not be the best candidate is because the company may be looking for someone to be in this job for many more years, and since her husband is already semi-retired it may cause her to think about retiring herself. The second candidate, Janos Garbor, strengths include having a background in the production of cathode ray tubes and display systems technologies, which are the products they are trying to produve. Another advantage includes being Hungarian and having connections with national government officials, especially because Trianon does not have any history doing business with a Hungarian company. One characteristic that may be seen as a weakness is that he only has four years of experience working with Trianon. The third candidate, Sinead Marrinan-McGuire, strengths include working the exact technologies Trianon is trying to apply in the Hungarian join venture project. Another strength is that she has already met and impressed Alistair with her understanding of corporate level concern and strategic...

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...Running head: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT International Human Resource management Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Hofstede developed the theory of cultural differences to describe the different effects that culture could have on an organisation. He classified cultures of different countries into five dimensions. The first was power distance which expounded on inequality and how different nations viewed it. He maintained that inequality is inevitable in societies, but some societies allow it to grow so that there can be difference in power, prestige and wealth. The inequality is formalised through hierarchies in the organisation. The second dimension is the uncertainty avoidance which explained how societies dealt with risks that may occur in the future and how the members of the society yearn to achieve certainty. Another dimension was masculinity versus femininity. He explained that in masculine societies, focus is on dominance and competition while feminine societies focus on humility, a society where people help each other out and with a high level of cooperation. The forth was Individualism versus collectivism. Individualism is where an individual only watches over himself or his close family members while collectivism refers to where there is concern for the whole group in the society (Hofstede, 1987). The last dimension is Long-Term Orientation (LTO) which was developed in the 90’s due to the realization that the Asian cultures...

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...move towards a more globalized and more flattened world, the need for international human resources management increases. What makes international human resources management more complex than domestic human resources management is the diversity of the world whether it is regulations, culture, religion, or language. In IHRM, companies run into more external factors that define how the workforce is selected and/or replaced, (Rioux, Ph.D., Bernthal, Ph.D. & Wellins, Ph.D.). For example, there are stricter practices regarding replacing a workforce in the US compared to other countries in the world. Such laws are designed to work in favor of employees than the employer in the US like unemployment liability and equal opportunity employment regardless of gender, race, age, looks, etc., (Rioux, Ph.D., Bernthal, Ph.D. & Wellins, Ph.D.). In a way, IHRM may engage in HR practices in a host country that might violate the business code of ethics in a country like Saudi Arabia where the two genders are segregated in the workplace which may limit the company’s diversification of workforce gender-wise. Another factor that may further contribute to the complexity of IHRM is the cultural differences across the...

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