...exclusively breastfed for the first six months. This includes countries that have a high rate of breastfeeding initiation. Recent data has shown that the exclusive breastfeeding rates over the last 15 years have only risen about six per cent, from 33% to 39%. Breask milk protects children against childhood illnesses such as gastroenteritis, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and SIDS. Studies have also shown that children that are breastfeed have improved cognitive development and decreased risk for childhood obesity (Haroon, Das, Salam, Imdad, & Bhutta, 2013) . A systematic review begins with a specific research question and then the author has a specific method which will be used to find the articles that are relevant for the study. Systematic reviews attempt to remove biases from the process. The research question being answered in this review is regarding breastfeeding promotion inventions and breastfeeding practices. The topic is an appropriate topic for a systematic review because it is broad enough that there are many studies that have been performed, but specific enough to allow for the researchers to narrow down the research. The authors also discuss similar reviews that have already been performed and the conclusions. It was useful to know that there was already much information available about the effectiveness of breastfeeding interventions. The authors used a review performed previously which showed the EBF rates...
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...Research Database Assignment Form Type your answers to the following questions using complete sentences and correct grammar, spelling, and syntax. Click Save as and save the file with your last name and assignment, e.g.,NR439_Research_Database_Smith. Submit to the Research Database basket in the Dropbox by 11:59 p.m. MT Sunday at the end of Week 4. The guidelines and grading rubric for this assignment may be found in Doc Sharing. Name: Describe briefly your topic of interest (15 possible points): Evidence proves that breast feeding healthy newborns skin to skin within the first hour of life can have a direct impact on decreasing hypothermia, hypoglycemia and increasing exclusivity then babies dried and swaddled. #1 Database (or collection) (30 possible points): Title of source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Location of source (URL): www.CDC.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/index Owner or publisher: Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) Survey Describe (in your own words) the research database or collection of research including the purpose and the subject matter it covers: In 2003 Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) devised an expert panel to collect breastfeeding data. It is administered every two years to institutions to collect information on the practice of the healthcare professionals and where potential opportunities exist to improve. Explain how the source relates to your topic of interest: Every...
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...Diagnosis Beaver Medical Group is the one of the leading medical associations in the Inland Empire. After interviewing multiple OB doctors, it was found that they do not have time to discuss breast-feeding with their patients during prenatal care visits. This is due to time constraints because of a multitude of patients needing to be seen by these doctors. We have representatives from Redlands Community Hospital that have spoken to the same OB doctors regarding breast-feeding education during prenatal visits. Research has been sent to the doctors regarding exclusive breast-feeding and how the results are better if the patients are educated about it during their prenatal visits. The hospitals in the Inland Empire offer birthing classes and breast-feeding clinics. Most do not have the money to advertise these free classes. More advertising to promote these classes would be helpful. The high schools that have classes for pregnant teens also need to address breast-feeding to a further extent. They can also educate about the resources and classes in the area that are free. Once the patients get to the hospital and deliver the baby they are usually taken care of by lactation educators and experienced nurses and are allowed to breast-feed on demand. We simply need to continue the support outside of the hospital setting. Outcomes or Goals If the doctors and nurses would make it a priority to speak to their patients about breast-feeding during their prenatal visits at Beaver Medical...
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...Malnutrition in Bangladesh 1. Introduction: Malnutrition is globally the most important risk factor for illness and death, contributing to more than half of deaths in children worldwide. It is one of the most important underlying causes of child mortality in developing countries, particularly during the first 5 years of life; the major causes for this are poverty, world conflicts, lack of education, natural disasters and poor access to health care. Nearly one-third of children in the developing world are malnourished. The effects of changing environmental conditions in increasing malnutrition are multifactorial. Poor environmental conditions may increase insect and protozoal infections and also contribute to environmental deficiencies in micronutrients. Overpopulation, more commonly seen in developing countries, can reduce food production, leading to inadequate food intake or intake of foods of poor nutritional quality. Conversely, the effects of malnutrition on individuals can create and maintain poverty, which can further hamper economic and social development. Bangladesh being the eighth most populous country in the world, and one of the poorest a significant progress has been made in recent years in reducing the incidence of poverty and malnutrition, the fact remains that roughly half of its 15.5 million citizens live in deprivation, while roughly half of all children under 6 years show some evidence of chronic malnutrition. Poverty and malnutrition in Bangladesh...
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...skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding self-efficacy of primiparous women: A randomised control trial Karimi Aghdas a, Khadivzadeh Talat b, Bagheri Sepideh c,* a Student Research Committee, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery School, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran School of Nursing and Midwifery and Women Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran c School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran b A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 3 July 2013 Received in revised form 25 September 2013 Accepted 26 September 2013 Keywords: Skin-to-skin contact Routine care Breastfeeding self-efficacy BSES Breast feeding initiation A B S T R A C T Objective: To evaluate the effect of mother–infant immediate skin-to-skin contact on primiparous mother’s breastfeeding self-efficacy. Study design: A randomised control trial. Settings: The study was conducted in Omolbanin obstetrics hospital (large tertiary hospital), Mashhad, Iran. Participants: 114 18–35 year-old primiparous, Iranian, healthy and full term mothers who anticipated normal vaginal delivery and intended to breastfeed their babies. Intervention: Skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth and then controlling breastfeeding selfefficacy at 28 days postpartum. Main outcome measure: Maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy at 28 days postpartum and success in first breastfeeding and mean time...
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...perhaps between Vegetarians and Carnivores, nowhere is the act of eating more controversial than the area of feeding a baby. Often strong feelings arise around both bottle-feeding and breast-feeding.; with proponents of each method standing firmly and often, passionately and vociferously on their respective sides. People from all walks of life, male and female, young and old, varying socioeconomic backgrounds, single or partnered generally feel free to weigh-in on the topic of Bottle feeding vs. Breastfeeding. In researching this topic I spoke with a varied cross section of society in Maine and in Nova Scotia and drew on my over eleven years combined experience spanning two decades being a breastfeeding mother. The information I have compiled reflects the attitudes which I have often witnessed first-hand. The prevailing attitudes in Maine and Nova Scotia towards breastfeeding appear to have changed little over the past 20 years. According to the World Health Organization “Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants; it is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of mothers. As a global public health recommendation, infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life to achieve optimal growth, development and health.” The World Health Organization also states...
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...acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. The purpose o f this research paper is to determine if all infants follow the same development process from infant to adulthood. There are many questions about the development stages of a child. I am sure many people would like to know if a child is born with cognitive skills or is that develop over time David F. Bjorklund explains “One issue central to all of psychology is that of nature versus nurture. Traditionally, this has been posed as a dichotomy: Is human thought and behavior genetically/biologically determined or is it shaped by learning/experience/culture? This is dealt with in a more sophisticated way today, in that everyone is an interactionist, with the issue being better expressed as “how do biological/endogenous factors interact with environmental/exogenous factors to produce the adult phenotype?” From this perspective, cognitive development does not simply mature, or bloom, over time, nor is it solely a product of a child’s culture; rather, it emerges over the course of ontogeny as a result of the dynamic and reciprocal transaction between a child’s biological constitution, including genetics, and his or her physical and social environment (Bjorklund, Ellis, & Rosenberg, 2007; Gottlieb, 2007).” From the research that has been completed at this point I would have to say no a child is not born with this is something that is developed over time. ...
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...Research Summary and Ethical Considerations Jessica Dennis Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Linda Permoda February 01, 2013 The Effect of Delivery Method on Breastfeeding Initiation from the Ontario Mother and Infant Study (TOMIS) III In 2006, the World Health Assembly endorsed the WHO Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, aiming to promote protect and support breastfeeding (WHO, 2003, p. 733). The Ontario Mother and Infant Study (TOMIS) III was conducted in Ontario Canada from the years 2006-2008 to study the relationships between the method of the delivery, and maternal and infant health, cost of care at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year, on breastfeeding initiation. The study consisted of 2,560 participant’s of which were ages 16years and older. The methods of delivery that were studied were: unassisted vaginal delivery, assisted vaginal delivery; which included forceps and vacuum, planned cesarean and unplanned cesarean. The participants were recruited from 11 hospitals in Ontario, Canada. The study will show that there is an effect of the delivery method when unplanned on breast feeding initiation. The researchers concluded that breast feeding is used more often when there is an unplanned birth experience and serves a function to reduce stress caused by that experience. Exclusive breast feeding is recommended by pediatric and public health experts as the food of life for the first six months of infant’s life...
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...The UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative Developing a breastfeeding strategy – Evidence and appendices © UNICEF UK 2009 The content of this booklet has been produced by the UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative. The Baby Friendly Initiative is a global programme of UNICEF and the World Health Organization which works with the health services to improve practice so that parents are enabled and supported to make informed choices about how they feed and care for their babies. Health-care facilities which adopt practices to support successful breastfeeding receive the prestigious UNICEF/WHO Baby Friendly award. In the UK, the Baby Friendly Initiative is commissioned by various parts of the health service to provide advice, support, training, networking, assessment and accreditation. For more information about all aspects of the UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative’s work, visit our website at www.babyfriendly.org.uk UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative, UNICEF House, 30a Great Sutton Street, London EC1V 0DU Tel: 020 7490 2388 Fax: 020 7250 1733 E-mail: bfi@unicef.org.uk UNICEF is a Registered Charity, No. 1072612. Contents Page 1. Background Information........................................................4 – Health benefits of breastfeeding...............4 – Cost benefits.................................................5 – Health inequalities.......................................7 –The International Code................................8 – National and...
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...Breastfeeding The International Council of Nurses (ICN) considers that breast milk is the food of choice for infants and that as a general principle; exclusive breastfeeding should be protected, promoted and supported for the duration of six months as a global public health recommendation. ICN supports efforts to promote adoption of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to ensure that all maternities become centers of breastfeeding support (www.icn.ch/pu). ICN holds the mother’s right to make an informed choice about infant feeding. This includes providing information, counseling and guidance to all HIV infected mothers about the risks and benefits of feeding options most suitable for their situation, in line with those recommended in the UNICEF/UNAIDS/WHO guidelines (www.icn.ch/pu). Furthermore, ICN supports the revised International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 183 on maternity protection. ICN concurs that it is the right of all working women, including those in the informal sector, to have paid daily breaks or a daily reduction of hours of work when breastfeeding a child, and to have hygienic facilities at or near the workplace (www.icn.ch/pu). The ICN’s position is that infants who are breastfed have fewer illnesses and are better nourished than those who are fed other drinks and foods. It is estimated that 1.5 million infant lives would be saved, and the health and development of millions of others would be greatly improved, if exclusive breastfeeding...
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...Research Summary and Ethical Considerations Guidelines Breastfeeding self-efficacy of women using second-line strategies for healthy term infants in the first week postpartum Introduction Breastfeeding has numerous well-known health benefits (Alexander et al. 2010, Wojcicki et al. 2010).It protects both baby and mother from many diseases (Steube 2009). Breastfeeding self-efficacy (BFSE) supports breastfeeding initiation and duration. Many studies have reported the benefits of prolonged breastfeeding for mother and infant health, but the rate of breastfeeding is still decreasing during the first week postpartum. Mothers who discontinue breastfeeding early are more likely to report nipple pain, birth related pain, insufficient milk supply, and engorgement and fatigue in the early postpartum period. This study informs readers that Breastfeeding self-efficacy of women using second-line strategies for healthy term infants in the first week postpartum can improve the confidence of mothers in their ability both to breastfeed and to persevere in establishing breastfeeding when difficulties are encountered. Background of study The study describes the breastfeeding problems during the first week postpartum are nipple pain, birth related pain, insufficient milk supply, and engorgement and fatigue and informs the readers that First-line strategies such as Skin to skin and Second-line strategies such as cup feeding, syringe feeding, finger feeding, supply lines, bottles with teats...
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...expectant parents will make. This choice is predominantly constituted based upon the mother’s comfort level, her lifestyle, and whether she may face any medical condition(s) that may hinder her ability to nurse; however, there are also an extensive amount of mothers who derive their preference based upon what medical literature, healthcare providers, and public health campaigns claim is most beneficial for their child. By tradition, medical literature, healthcare providers, and public health campaigns such as the American Association of Pediatrics (AAP), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World Health Organization (WHO), have represented the “benefits of breastfeeding,” comparing the health outcomes amongst babies who imbibe their mother’s breast milk against babies who imbibe formula milk. Breastfeeding supplies infants with ideal nourishment. Hormann proves this in her article when she states that, “Human milk is not only the ‘best’ but the only species- specific nutrition for human infants” (p. 352). Breast milk is often considered to be the “perfect food” for their digestive system. The lactose, protein (whey and casein), and fat in the milk are digested by a baby’s immature system without any difficulty. Breastfed infants struggle less with digestion than do formula-fed infants, causing the breast-fed infants to have a smaller amount of occurrences of diarrhea or constipation. Breast milk is also known to be very rich in the nutrients that an infant needs to remain...
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...Running head: CRITIQUE OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE: PERSPECTIVES OF Critique of the Research Article: Perspectives of Hospital-Based Nurses on Breastfeeding Initiation Best Practices Kimberly Baird Grand Canyon University Intro. To Nursing Research NRS-433V April 21, 2011 Critique of the Research Article: Perspectives of Hospital-Based Nurses on Breastfeeding Initiation Best Practices The purpose of this research study is to evaluate the differences in breastfeeding knowledge and the implementation of breastfeeding by registered nurses in the postpartum units and the hospital policies, both formal and informal, related to the implementation and support of breastfeeding. Human milk is accepted as the ideal food source for infants for the first 6 months of life. Breastfeeding is then encouraged as a supplement to other foods until the child is 12 months of age and beyond. Both The Academy of Pediatrics and the International Lactation Consultant Association support these recommendations. CDC statistics report that in 2006 73.9% of women breastfed in the early postpartum period. This drops to 33.1% of those that are exclusively breastfeeding at 3 months of age and then drops again to 13.6% exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months. The Healthy People 2010 goals are 75% of women initiating breastfeeding in the early postpartum period and retaining 60% of those that continue to breastfeed at 3 months and 25% continuing until 6 months. These statistics fall short of those goals...
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...Thesis statement: Research shows that breastfeeding is the best choice over formula because breastfeeding provides the infant with essential nutrients, helps with recovery from childbirth, and protects the infant against a number of chronic conditions. Annotated bibliography Baumgartel, K. L., & Spatz, D. L. (2013). WIC (The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children): Policy versus practice regarding breastfeeding. Nursing Outlook, 61(6). 10.1016/j.outlook.2013.05.010 This article addresses the discrepancy of policy versus practice in the government subsidized program WIC. This article shows how even though the program is meant to support at risk mothers in breastfeeding, the numbers prove that a majority of their budget is spent on formula expenses. Very little of the budget is actually allocated to breastfeeding initiatives. The American Academy of Nursing members create and execute policy related initiatives to reform the American Health system. The academy has more than 2,400 members and is the established leaders in practice and research. They are advocates in healthcare policy making in Washington DC. This source will be relevant to the research paper because it will provide examples of the lack of funding for education and for initiatives for breastfeeding awareness and support, especially for the at risk population. Gianni, M. L., Roggero, P., Morlacchi, L., Garavaglia, E., & Piemontese, P. (2012)...
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...Breastfeeding – no introduction necessary The focus of this review paper is on presenting and substantiating common knowledge and beliefs with scientific research and facts to demonstrate the advantages of breast milk feeding in early stages of human life and in years that follow. Discussion of non-scientific, i.e. social, economic, etc., aspects of breastfeeding will be limited, with primary focus given to human health outcomes for infants and mothers. The structure of this paper is decisively unconventional: where the author has chosen to discuss the body of common knowledge about breastfeeding before delving into the scientific research review. The intention is to draw the readers’ attention to the vast body of proven and observed advantages of breastfeeding for infant and mothers. Breastfeeding advantages – more than just food Breastfeeding is a natural process. Throughout human history breastfeeding was, and in many places around the world still is, a means to a healthy start to a human life. With the development of baby formula, and its availability, and relatively low cost, breastfeeding is now commonly thought to be a choice in the developed world. No longer a means to survival, no longer a requirement. To some, the advent of the baby formula is a direct form of feminine liberation. To others, baby formula is a necessity for medical or circumstantial reasons that are not driven by the freedom of choice. Those that choose the formula under pretenses other than necessity...
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