...Title: the extinction of Mammoth Introduction * Location and life of mammoth * Causes of extinction * Reasons for extinction Body Causes for extinction * activities as cause of mammoth extinction * Climate change in the extinction of mammoth(climate warming) * Loss of habitat * Radiation cause Reasons for extinction * Hunting and poaching * Protection from mega fauna animals. * Habitat loss due to vegetation and other factors * Use of skin for cloths and horn for ivory item. etc. Summary Mammoth is a large and extinct elephant of the Pleistocene epoch; these types of elephants were hairy and had a sloping back and long curved tusks. These big elephant has gone extinct and throughout this paper I’ll be talking about how these mega fauna animals have gone extinct, what caused their extinction, the reason for this extinction etc. Mammoth are thought to be extinct due to the climate change because they used to live in glaciers areas, they are also thought to have gone extinct because of man activities on them like hunting and poaching. The last thing I’ll be talking about in this paper is the reason why these animals have gone extinct. Journal article: * The extinction of the woolly mammoth and the archaeological record in Northeastern Asia Authors: Pitulko and Nikolskiy, march 2012 Pitulko, V. V., & Nikolskiy, P. A. (2012). The extinction of the woolly mammoth and the archaeological record in Northeastern Asia...
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...The Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth Lee Rhubin English Composition II Instructor J. Kobus 10/25/2010 Abstract There have been many theories and hypotheses explaining why the woolly mammoth became extinct. In fact, there are ongoing studies and research attempting to offer more evidence for the different theories. While evidence from the remains and carcasses of woolly mammoths found frozen in the northern parts of the globe strengthen the claims of scientists and researchers, other methods of knowing the real causes are still elusive. Two main arguments aimed at explaining these mammals’ extinction continue to be debated. Climate change as the reason for their demise is countered by the theory that human hunting activities killed the species. However, there are some hypotheses that the combination of both (climate and hunting) is the cause of the woolly mammoth’s extinction. This paper provides the evidence that each theory has gathered to support its claim. The Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is one of the kinds of mammoths that existed. This animal is actually considered an elephant but in reality it is only a distant cousin of the Asian elephant. Its body was covered with hair. Its shoulders were emphatically humped, with a sloping back. The ears were much smaller than the ordinary elephants we see today, with a shorter tail. Teeth were differently shaped and structured; the trunk was shorter and hairier with...
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...The woolly mammoth was the last species of the genus. Most populations of the woolly mammoth in North America and Eurasia, as well all the Columbian mammoths in North America, died out around the time of the last glacial retreat, as part of a mass extinction ofmegafauna in northern Eurasia and the Americas. Until recently, the last woolly mammoths were generally assumed to have vanished from Europe and southern Siberia about 10,000 BC, but new findings show some were still present there about 8000 BC. Only slightly later, the woolly mammoths also disappeared from continental northern Siberia.[5] A small population survived on St. Paul Island, Alaska, up until 3,750 BC,[2][6][7] and the small[8] mammoths of Wrangel Island survived until 1,650 BC.[9][10][11] A definitive explanation for their mass extinction has yet to be agreed upon. The warming trend (Holocene) that occurred 12,000 years ago, accompanied by a glacial retreat and rising sea levels, has been suggested as a contributing factor. Forests replaced openwoodlands and grasslands across the continent. The available habitat may have been reduced for some megafaunal species, such as the mammoth. However, such climate changes were nothing new; numerous very similar warming episodes had occurred previously within the ice age of the last several million years without producing comparable megafaunal extinctions, so climate alone is unlikely to have played a decisive role.[12][13] The spread of advanced human hunters through...
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...| Scientists aim to bring mammoth back to lifeThe Yomiuri ShimbunMammoths, which went extinct about 10,000 years ago, may once again walk the Earth.A team of researchers will attempt to resurrect the species using cloning technologies after obtaining tissue this summer from the carcass of a mammoth preserved in a Russian mammoth research laboratory. It has already established a technique to extract DNA from frozen cells."Preparations to realize this goal have been made," said Prof. Akira Iritani, leader of the team and a professor emeritus of Kyoto University.Under the plan, the nuclei of mammoth cells will be inserted into an elephant's egg cells from which the nuclei have been removed to create an embryo containing mammoth genes.The embryo will then be inserted into an elephant's womb in the hope that the animal will give birth to a baby mammoth.Researchers from Kinki University's Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology began the study in 1997.On three occasions, the team obtained mammoth skin and muscle tissue excavated in good condition from the permafrost in Siberia.However, most nuclei in the cells were damaged by ice crystals and were unusable. The plan to clone a mammoth was abandoned.In 2008, Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama of Kobe's Riken Center for Developmental Biology succeeded in cloning a mouse from the cells of mouse that had been kept in deep-freeze for 16 years. The achievement was the first in the world.Based on Wakayama's techniques, Iritani's...
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...Many extinct species—from the passenger pigeon to the woolly mammoth—might now be reclassified as "bodily, but not genetically, extinct." They're dead, but their DNA is recoverable from museum specimens and fossils, even those up to 200,000 years old. Thanks to new developments in genetic technology, that DNA may eventually bring the animals back to life. Only species whose DNA is too old to be recovered, such as dinosaurs, are the ones to consider totally extinct, bodily and genetically. Useful science will also emerge. Close examination of the genomes of extinct species can tell us much about what made them vulnerable in the first place. Were they in a bottleneck with too little genetic variability? How were they different from close relatives that survived? Living specimens will reveal even more. Techniques being developed for de-extinction will also be directly applicable to living species that are close to extinction. Tiny populations can have their genetic variability restored. A species with a genetic Achilles' heel might be totally cured with an adjustment introduced through cloning. For instance, the transmissible cancer on the faces of Tasmanian devils is thought to be caused by a single gene. That gene can be silenced in a generation of the animals released to the wild. The cancer would disappear in the wild soon after, because the immune animals won't transmit it, and animals with the immunity will out-reproduce the susceptible until the entire population...
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...>UCLA Newsroom>All Stories>News Releases Extinction of woolly mammoths may have been due to addition of a predator: humans By David Stauth and Stuart WolpertJuly 01, 2010Category: Research Illustration of sabertooth cat fighting with woolly mammoth. (Credit: Mauricio Anton, courtesy of Oregon State University) The extinction of woolly mammoths and other large mammals more than 10,000 years ago may be explained by the same type of cascade of ecosystem disruption that is being caused today by the global decline of predators such as wolves, cougars and sharks, life scientists report July 1 in the cover article of the journal Bioscience. Then, as now, the cascading events were originally begun by human disruption of ecosystems, a new study concludes, but around 15,000 years ago the problem was not the loss of a key predator, but the addition of one — human hunters with spears. This mass extinction was caused by newly arrived humans tipping the balance of power and competing with major predators such as sabertooth cats, the authors of the new analysis argue. An equilibrium that had survived for thousands of years was disrupted, perhaps explaining the loss of two-thirds of North America's large mammals during this period. "We suggest that the arrival of humans to North America triggered a trophic cascade in which competition for the largest prey was intensified, ultimately causing the large non-human carnivores to decimate the large herbivores," said Blaire Van Valkenburgh...
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...What is a biography? A biography is a written account of the series of events that make up a person's life. Every student will write a biography at some point, but the level of detail and sophistication will differ. A fourth grade biography will be much different from a middle school-level biography or a high school or college-level biography. However, each biography will include the basic details. The first information you should gather in your research will include biographical details and facts. You must use a trustworthy resource to ensure that your information is accurate. Basic details include: * Date and place of birth and death * Family information * Lifetime accomplishments * Major events of life * Effects/impact on society, historical significance While this information is necessary to your project, these dry facts, on their own, don't really make a very good biography. Once you've found these basics, you'll want to dig a little deeper. You choose a certain person because you think he or she is interesting, so you certainly don't want to burden your paper with an inventory of boring facts. Your goal is to impress your reader! You'll want to start off with great first sentence. It's a good idea to begin with a really interesting statement, a little known fact, or really intriguing event. You should avoid starting out with a standard but boring line like: "Meriwether Lewis was born in Virginia in 1774." Instead, try starting with something...
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...FOREST HUNTERS Introduction: Ayla is back in the third book of the earth's children. Ayla who met Jondalar in the last book, has agreed to come along with him to his home place in Zelandoni. They are with whinney and runner on the move when they see a couple of men looking at them. After an unusual meeting they come along with these strangers known as the mammoth hunters. Soon Ayla feels at home there. She discovers that a boy, named Rydag, looks a lot like her son who she had left behind with the clan. The people of the mammoth hunters are very friendly and understanding for where she has grown up. She soon makes friends. Jondalar the man she loves is very jealous. There is an interesting man, named Ranec who seems to be capable of getting Ayla in to his bed after a ceremony. Jondalar is devastated and believes that Ayla has chosen for Ranac. Ayla on the other hand thinks Jondalar doesn't love her any more. This goes so far on that Ayla almost bound with Ranec. Thank god in the ending Jondalar and Ayla find one each other again and they leave the mammoth hunters. Another adventure begins. Biography: Jean Marie Untinen was born February 18, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois. She is the second of five children. Her father was a housepainter. After high school she married Ray Bernard Auel and raised five children of her own. In 1964 she became a member of Mensa. She earned her masters degree in 1976 - attending night school while working for a Portland electronics firm. At...
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...The woolly mammoth lived over half a million years ago, but became extinct 4,000 years ago after a slow decline in numbers. We are able to study the reason for the mass extinction of these beasts through different proxy methods, such as tree rings, pollen and sediment preserves and archaeological evidence, to understand the demise of what was once a highly successful species. Archaeological evidence makes it clear that the woolly mammoth was well adapted to its ice-age environment. Cave paintings from the early modern human being in the caves of Southern France provide a representation of the woolly mammoth’s appearance. Their long, arched tusks provided means to dig for roots and tubers in the frozen ground, and their cheek-teeth with up...
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...De-extinction is the process of bringing bringing back animals.It sounds like a scientific term to bring animals back like the wooly mammoths.We need to bring them back because they are like elephants and a lot of people never have seen them in real life except for cavemen.I think that this is a very good idea. First we need to research to find the evidence that mammoths are very important and that we need to bring them back.George Church says de-extinction is a good idea.”Mammoths could keep the region colder by eating dead grass thus engaging the sum to reach spring grass whose deep roots prevents erosion” (Church,G.,2013).This is telling us that in the hot summer the mammoths could eat some dead grass and then they would cool us down a little bit for us people and them.This will help the temperature.”Scientist could bring mammoths back to life by targeting and replacing the specific genomic sequences in a closely related living species” (Draxler,B., 2013).They would be able to bring them back for people to see and to replace them with other animals that are about to go extinct....
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...through an approval process. ..... The DNC is not sponsoring this and is happening prior to the .... Unless you've been living in a cave for the past 3 and 1/2 years the reason is obvious. Results for similar searches CVE - CVE List Main Page cve.mitre.org/cve/ Jun 20, 2012 – CVE® is a publicly available and free to use list or dictionary of standardized ... Full database functionality for the CVE List is provided through ... More results for wh host and sponsors a cve listing World Long Cave List - NSS Geo2 Committee On Long And Deep ... www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm 310+ items – WORLDS LONGEST CAVES Compiled by: Bob Gulden _ ... LENGTH LENGTH DEPTH DEPTH 1 Mammoth Cave System N.P. U.S.A. More results for wh host and...
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...Mammoth Cave Fact Sheet National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Mammoth Cave National Park What is found in this National Park? Mammoth Cave National Park encompasses 52,830 acres in south central Kentucky and protects the diverse geological, biological and historical features associated with the longest known cave in the world. Above the cave, the surface landscape highlights rare plants and dense forest, a diverse aquatic ecosystem in the Green and Nolin Rivers, and hallmark geologic features of a classic karst terrain. Great Onyx Job Corps Center, under the U.S. Forest Service, is located in the park on the north side of the Green River. Native Americans discovered Mammoth Cave about 4,000 years ago and continued to use it for 2,000 years. In the late 1790s settlers “rediscovered” the cave, and during the War of 1812 slaves mined saltpetre from the cave sediments to be used in the manufacture of gunpowder. Tours began in 1816, increasing the cave’s notoriety, and drawing visitors in ever greater numbers. Over a century of private ownership and exploration of the cave followed. Then, in 1926, Congress authorized the formation of a national park in the Mammoth Cave area to protect the caves, hilly country, and scenic river valleys typical of south central Kentucky. The park was officially established on July 1, 1941. It later gained World Heritage Site designation in 1981, and became the core area of an International Biosphere Reserve in 1990. What...
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...Gertrude Obeng Geology Geology and National Parks Final 11/27/2013 PART 1 Weathering is the gradual destruction of rock when it comes to certain surface donitions, it can occur with a physical process as well as chemically and of course living things can and will weather as well. The breakdown of minerals can and will vary from surface to surface and depending on the type of weathering that’s happening, it can either have a tiny effect over a long period of time or a major effect over a short and long period of time. It’s known to loosen and alter material and transform minerals and material into a whole different landform. Then we have erosion which is the breakdown and movement of a planet’s urface by the action of gravity, running water, waves, currents, ice and wind, this too also gradually wears away landforms. Which makes weathering and erosion completely two different things but also one in the same. The major importance of both weather and erosion when speaking about flat landforms is the fact that these two occurrences had probably created that flat landform. We are able to experience and have the pleasure of having mountains, slopes, and different shaped landforms because of weathering and erosion. National Parks like Nevada’s Great Basin are prime examples of what weathering and erosion can create over time. The basin is home to many landforms and mountains that have been narrowed and shaped by running water, different types of weathering like snow, hail...
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...(along Mammoth Bay trail) 2. Amphibolite Group: Metamorphic Texture: Non-Foliated Type: Intermediate Collected: (Mammoth Bay River) 3. Gabbro w/ Augite Group: Igneous Texture: Phaneritic Type: internal Augite Chemical Formula: (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6 Collected: (Mammoth Bay River Bed) 4. Dacite Group: Igneous Texture: Aphanitic Type: internal Collected: (Along American River) 5. Slate Group: Metamorphic Texture: Foliated Type: Low-Grade Collected: (Grass Valley, Trinity River) 6. Shale Group: Sedimentary Type: Clastic Texture: Smooth Collected: (Mammoth Bay on Shore of River) 7. Andesite Group: Igneous Texture: Aphanetic Type: Extrusive Collected: (Mammoth Bay near River) 8. Limestone Group: Sedimentary Texture: Fine Grain Type: Chemical/Bio clactic Collected: (Mammoth Bay Shore of River) 9. Andesite/Basalt (Basaltic Andesite) Group: Igneous Texture: Aphanetic Type: Intermediate Collected: (Along American River) 10. Metaconglomerate Group: Metamorphic Texture: Non-Foliated Collected: (Grass Valley, Trinity River) 11. Serpentine Group: Metamorphic Texture: Non-Foliated Type: Orthoclase Collected: (Mammoth Bay River Bed) 12. Diorite Group: Igneous Texture: Phaneritic Type: Intermediate Collected: (Mammoth Bay, Near River) 13. Quartz Group: Igneous Chemical Formula: SiO2 Collected: (Mammoth Bay River) 14. Chert Group: Sedimentary Chemical Formula: SiO2 Collected: (Mammoth Bay Trail) ...
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...evolved to the homologous structure of a Mammoth’s trunk or Proboscis. This particular development of the trunk allowed them to pay attention to their surroundings for predators and other dangers while feeding and drinking, which is an advantage that the primitive Moeritheriums did not have16. Furthermore, it is evident that the 2.5 feet tall Moeritheriums, after they became extinct due to the cooler climates of the Oligocene era, evolved to Mammoths the size of 13 feet9. This was favourable for their environment to keeping warm as larger animals have a smaller surface area to volume ratio and therefore, less heat loss10. In contrast, the African elephant is 10 to 11 feet tall and weighs between 4 and 6 tons, whereas the Asian elephant is 8 to 10 feet tall, weighing 3 to 5 tons9. The Mammoths were more closely related to the Asian elephant, which was demonstrated by Michael Hofreiter and his colleages of the Max Planck Institute in Germany. Their team compared DNA from modern day elephants and DNA extracted from a 33,000 year old frozen mammoth leg found in Siberia 198611. They were compared for their similarity using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which has its own genome. As approximately one fifth of a cell contains mitochondria organelles, which each have several copies of these genomes, it is easily extractable for comparison, and is useful for tracing the lineage of a species as it is passed from mother to...
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