...Code of Professional Conduct: ET Section 100-1 Conceptual Framework for AICPA Independence Standards. Retrieved from http://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/CodeofConduct/Pages/et_100.aspx Bhattacharjee, S., & Moreno, K. K. (2013). The Role of Auditors' Emotions and Moods on Audit Judgment: A Research Summary with Suggested Practice Implications. Current Issues In Auditing, 7(2), 1-8. Gendron, Y., Suddaby, R., & Lam, H. (2006). An Examination of the Ethical Commitment of Professional Accountants to Auditor Independence. Journal of Business Ethics, (2). 169-193. Hurtt, R., Brown-Liburd, H., Earley, C. E., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2013). Research on Auditor Professional Skepticism: Literature Synthesis and Opportunities for Future Research. Auditing: A Journal Of Practice & Theory, 3245-97. Kinney, W. R. (2005). Twenty-Five Years of Audit Deregulation and Re-Regulation: What Does it Mean for 2005 and Beyond?. Auditing: A Journal Of Practice & Theory, 24,89-109. KPMG LLP. (2013). The KPMG Professional Framework-Understanding and Developing Professional Judgment in Auditing and Accounting Moore, D. A., Tetlock, P. E., & Tanlu, L. (2006). Conflicts of Interest and the Case of Auditor Independence: Moral Seduction and Strategic Issue Cycling. Academy Of Management Review, 31(1), 10-29. Nelson, M. W. (2006). AMELIORATING CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN AUDITING: EFFECTS OF RECENT REFORMS ON AUDITORS AND THEIR CLIENTS. Academy Of Management Review, 31(1), 30-42. Pentland, B. T. (1993). Getting...
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...Chapter 01 Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting True / False Questions 1. | The primary function of financial accounting is to provide relevant financial information to parties external to business enterprises. True False | 2. | Accrual accounting attempts to measure revenues and expenses that occurred during accounting periods so they equal net operating cash flow. True False | 3. | The FASB is currently the public-sector organization responsible for setting accounting standards in the United States. True False | 4. | The FASB's due process invites various interested parties to indicate their opinions about whether financial accounting standards should be changed. True False | 5. | Accounting for stock-based compensation is an area in which the FASB has received little political interference. True False | 6. | The Public Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley) changed the entity responsible for setting auditing standards in the United States. True False | 7. | A rules-based approach to standard setting stresses professional judgment as opposed to following a list of rules. True False | 8. | Under federal securities laws, the SEC has the authority to set accounting standards in the United States. True False | 9. | The primary responsibility for properly applying GAAP when communicating with investors and creditors through...
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...Violence to AICPA ET Section 91 Applicability: Paragraph .01 says the bylaws of the AICPA require members to comply with the Code of Professional Conduct. The introduction reads, "A member who departs from interpretations or rulings shall have the burden of justifying such departure in any disciplinary hearing." Paragraph .01 .2: Requirement: CPAs will not knowingly ask or allow anyone they have authority or control over to carry out on the CPA's behalf, paid or not, any act that would be prohibited if committed by the CPA. Violation No. 1: You can't have someone do your dirty work. Paragraph .01 .3: A CPA is not to conclude that independence is not violated solely because of his inability to control the other person. Violation No. 2: CPAs cannot justify allowing unethical behavior with, "It's not my job." Or, as Lisa Snyder, the AICPA's professional ethics director, comments, "If a spouse invests in a CPA's client, even though the CPA does not `control' her spouse, she would no longer be independent." ET Section 100-1 Conceptual Framework for AICPA Independence Standards: Rule .20: Safeguards are defined as controls that eliminate or reduce threats to independence to an acceptable level. Violation No. 3: If anyone can bypass the CPA and order the CPA's subordinate to do something that the CPA will not do, then the CPA has violated the requirement to provide such independence safeguards. Rule 501 Acts Discreditable new interpretation: ET Section...
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...CONTENT AND SKILL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE UNIFORM CPA EXAMINATION Approved by the Board of Examiners American Institute of Certified Public Accountants May 15, 2009 Effective Date: January 1, 2011 Board of Examiners Examinations Team American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Parkway Corporate Center 1230 Parkway Avenue, Suite 311 Ewing, NJ 08628-3018 COPYRIGHT © 2009 BY AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS, INC. CONTENT SPECIFICATION OUTLINES (CSOs) The outline portions of the content specifications identify the extent of the technical content to be tested on each of the four sections of the Uniform CPA Examination. The outlines list the areas, groups, and topics to be tested in the following manner: I. (Roman numeral) Area A. (Capital letter) Group 1. (Arabic numeral) Topic Each outline is followed by information about selected publications that candidates may study to prepare for the Uniform CPA Examination. Weights The percentage range following each area represents the approximate percentage of total test questions associated with the area. The ranges are designed to provide flexibility in building the examination, and the midpoints of the ranges for all areas in each section total 100%. The examination questions will be selected from each area to fall within the percentage allocation range. No percentages are given for groups or topics. The presence of several groups within an area or several topics within a group does not imply equal...
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...Accounting 411 Quiz 1 – Fall 2011 Professor Jones Chapter 01 Ethical Reasoning Implications for Accounting Multiple Choice Questions 1. Each of the following characteristics describes the importance of integrity in decision making except for: A. Acting out of moral principle B. Being loyal to one's superior C. Having the courage to do the right thing D. Not subordinating professional judgment to others 2. Ethical relativism can best be described as a: A. Point of view that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. B. Concept that holds that integrity should be maintained in the face of pressure by others. C. An ethical reasoning method that holds one should always act out of self-interest. D. An ethical reasoning method that holds one should always consider the effect of one's actions on others. 3. When is it appropriate to contact the audit committee about a difference of opinion with the CFO over an accounting or financial reporting manner? A. If the CFO does not agree to correct the financial statements B. The CEO supports the CFO and does not agree to correct the financial statements C. The external auditors support the CEO and do not agree to correct the financial statements D. The audit committee should always be the first to be informed about such a difference of opinion 4. An internal accountant should always take the following step after exhausting all avenues of appeal within the organization when there is a difference...
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...Midterm Exam – Summer 2011 Chapter 01 Ethical Reasoning Implications for Accounting Multiple Choice Questions 1. Each of the following characteristics describes the importance of integrity in decision making except for: A. Acting out of moral principle B. Being loyal to one's superior C. Having the courage to do the right thing D. Not subordinating professional judgment to others 2. The ancient Greeks thought of the virtues as characteristics of behavior that: A. Could lead to a good life B. Make up the "six pillars of character" C. Support the rights theory D. All of the above 3. Ethical relativism can best be described as a: A. Point of view that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. B. Concept that holds that integrity should be maintained in the face of pressure by others. C. An ethical reasoning method that holds one should always act out of self-interest. D. An ethical reasoning method that holds one should always consider the effect of one's actions on others. 4. When is it appropriate to contact the audit committee about a difference of opinion with the CFO over an accounting or financial reporting manner? A. If the CFO does not agree to correct the financial statements B. The CEO supports the CFO and does not agree to correct the financial statements C. The external auditors support the CEO and do not agree to correct the financial statements D. The audit committee should always be the first to be informed about...
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...Auditing and Assurance Services, 15e (Arens) Chapter 4 Professional Ethics Learning Objective 4-1 1) Ethics are: A) needed in the professions, but is not needed for society in general. B) a set of moral principles or values. C) not formed by life experiences. D) always incorporated in laws. Answer: B Terms: Ethical Principles Diff: Easy Objective: LO 4-1 AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities 2) ________ means that a person acts according to conscience, regardless of the situation. A) Caring B) Fairness C) Integrity D) Respect Answer: C Terms: Ethical principles and integrity Diff: Moderate Objective: LO 4-1 AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities 3) One of the main reasons people act unethically is that they choose to act selfishly. A) True B) False Answer: A Terms: Ethical Principles Diff: Easy Objective: LO 4-1 AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities Learning Objective 4-2 1) A six-step approach is often used to resolve an ethical dilemma. The first step in this process is to: A) identify the alternative actions available. B) identify the ethical issues from the facts. C) determine who will be affected by the outcome of the dilemma. D) obtain the relevant facts. Answer: D Terms: Ethical dilemma Diff: Moderate Objective: LO 4-2 AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities 2) Describe an ethical dilemma that an auditor or an accountant might face in his...
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...accounting standard is a guideline for financial accounting, such as how a firm prepares and presents its business income and expense, assets and liabilities. The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is comprised of a large group of individual accounting standards. GAAP standards apply to financial reporting in the United States and may be eventually phased out in favor of the International Accounting Standards. 1. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) In the U.S., Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly traded and privately held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. The term is usually confined to the United States; hence it is commonly abbreviated as US GAAP or simply GAAP. However, in the theoretical sense, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles encompass the entire industry of accounting, and not only the United States. Outside the academic context, GAAP means US GAAP. Similar too many other countries practicing under the common law system, the United States government does not directly set accounting standards, in the belief that the private sector has better knowledge and resources. US GAAP is not written in law, although the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) require that it be followed in financial reporting by publicly traded companies. Currently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)...
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...Auditor Independence and Non-Audit Services: A Literature Review Vivien Beattie University of Stirling and Stella Fearnley University of Portsmouth TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of tables and list of figures About the authors v vi List of abbreviations vii Executive summary ix Part 1 Auditor independence 1 Introduction 1 1.1 1 1.2 The ‘problem’ of non-audit services (NAS) 1 1.3 The current UK regulatory and professional environment 2 1.4 Motivation for this study 3 1.5 2 The role of audit in regulating capital markets Structure of report 3 Auditor independence 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Definitions of auditor independence 4 2.3 Economic models of auditor independence not including NAS 5 2.4 Models of auditor pricing and independence in the presence of NAS 5 2.5 2.6 Economic power models of auditor independence Moral psychology, ethical reasoning and independence 8 8 2.7 Broader based studies into auditor decision making 9 2.8 Summary and comments 11 Part 2 Current regulatory frameworks 3 Auditor independence and NAS: analysis of current regulatory frameworks 3.1 Introduction 13 13 3.2 Regulation of auditor independence 13 3.3 Independence in professional and legal regulatory frameworks 13 3.4 3.5 Independence and NAS Overall economic dependence 19 22 3.6 Small companies 22 ...
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...confidence; this can be done by achieving high audit quality. Definition The PCAOB defines audit quality as providing “independent and reliable audits” regarding management’s financial statements, internal controls and potential threat for going concerns (PCAOB, 2013). Four key aspects of audit quality include independence, objectivity, skepticism, and competence. Maintaining and improving the four elements is critical to increasing audit quality and the usefulness of the information provided. Independence According to the PCAOB Auditing Standards, auditors should maintain independent mental attitudes. Independence is defined by the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct as independence of both, mind and appearance. Independence of mind requires the auditor to act with integrity, free of outside influence whereas independence of appearance requires the avoidance of situations leading to potential conflict of interests. Unless, the auditor is truly independent, the credibility and the reliability of the financial statements are compromised, violating the key objective of accounting: providing investors with relevant and reliable information (Whittington, Rany, 2014). Objectivity The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct requires auditors to be objective meaning that auditors should maintain a position that is free of conflict of interests and potential...
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...CHAPTER 1 ENVIRONMENT AND THEORETICAL STRUCTURE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Overview The primary function of financial accounting is to provide useful financial information to users external to the business enterprise. The focus of financial accounting is on the information needs of investors and creditors. These users make critical resource allocation decisions that affect the nation’s economy. The primary means of conveying financial information to investors, creditors, and other external users is through financial statements and related notes. In this chapter you explore important topics such as the FASB’s conceptual framework that serve as a foundation for a more detailed study of financial statements, the way the elements of these statements are measured, and the concepts underlying these measurements and related disclosures. Learning Objectives LO1–1 Describe the function and primary focus of financial accounting. LO1–2 Explain the difference between cash and accrual accounting. LO1–3 Define generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and discuss the historical development of accounting standards, including convergence between U.S. and international standards. LO1–4 Explain why the establishment of accounting standards is characterized as a political process. LO1–5 Explain factors that encourage high-quality financial reporting. LO1–6 Explain the purpose of the conceptual framework. LO1–7 Identify the objective and qualitative characteristics...
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...noted that the single-most important innovation shaping our capital markets was the idea of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We agree with Mr. Summers. Relevant and reliable financial information is a necessity for viable capital markets. Without it, our markets would be chaotic, and our standard of living would decrease. This textbook is the market leader in providing the tools needed to understand what GAAP is and how it is applied in practice. Mastery of this material will be invaluable to you in whatever field you select. Through many editions, this textbook has continued to reflect the constant changes taking place in the GAAP environment. This edition continues this tradition, which has become even more significant as the financial reporting environment is exploding with major change. Here are three areas of major importance that are now incorporated extensively into this edition of the text. A New Way of Looking at Generally Accepted Principles (GAAP) Learning GAAP used to be a daunting task, as it is comprised of many standards that vary in form, completeness, and structure. Fortunately, the profession has recently developed the Financial Accounting Standards Board Codification (often referred to as the Codification). This Codification provides in one place all the GAAP related to a given topic. This textbook is the first to incorporate this Codification—it will make learning GAAP easier and more interesting! Convergence of U.S. GAAP and International...
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...available at www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0268-6902.htm The changing role of the auditors R. Jayalakshmy, A. Seetharaman and Tan Wei Khong Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyber Jaya, Malaysia Abstract Purpose – To highlight the pressures that the auditors would face in the era of globalisation and the challenges they should be willing to accept in order to maintain trust and integrity. Design/methodology/approach – A wide range of articles and journals published in international journals as well as local journals has been reviewed. The areas covered include audit fraud, true and fair view interpretation, auditor independence and role of internal auditors. Further, ideas have also been obtained from critical write-ups in the business magazines on the fall of multinationals. Findings – A wide range of interpretation has been given by various groups of people on their understanding of the phrase “true and fair”. This has created great confusion as to the interpretation of the audit reports. This has been proven by the fall of many multinationals and the audit pioneers, Andersens. This is one of the causes of audit fraud and it is also seen that as the auditors face an enormous challenge as they enter the twenty-first century, they should be willing to change their attitudes towards their clients. Professionalism should be in the forefront, and an overhaul in...
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...new expectations spawned and renewed resulted in changes in how the professional accountants are to behave, what services are to be offered, and what performance standards are to be met. These standards have been embedded in a new governance structure and in guidance mechanisms, which have domestic and international components. The influence of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) will be as important as that of SOX in the long run. This chapter examines each of these developments and provides insights into important areas of current and future practice. Building upon the understanding of the new stakeholder accountability framework facing clients and employers developed in earlier chapters, this chapter explores public expectations for the role of the professional accountant and the principles that should be observed in discharging that role. This leads to consideration of the implications for services to be offered, and of the key “value added” or competitive edge that accountants should focus their attention on to maintain their reputation and vitality. Sources of ethical governance and guidance are also introduced. Prior reading of Chapter 2 is essential to understanding Chapter 4. Stakeholder Expectations Accountability and Governance Framework Both the increase in importance of...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The need for Environmental Accounting has become the concern and focus of nations and responsible corporate managements. It became one of the foremost issues on the agenda of nations and businesses earlier in the 1990s and the reasons for this were varied emanating from both within and outside of the firm and particularly at the global level (Okoye and Ngwakwe:2004:220-235). A lot of government enactments, laws and regulations on environmental protection have been made in several nations of the world. In the light of the awakening to environment protection, various laws and regulations such as the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, 1992 have been enacted. These require corporate managements to consider the environmental implications of all internal decisions of their managements. Also, all organizations monitored by environmental policy agencies in Kenya are expected to demonstrate much consideration in decision making. Environmentalists agree that it could be more cost effective and beneficial for companies to acquire pollution prevention or clean technology than those of pollution clean-up. It is also observed that in environmental regulations, there is a shift from the ‘command and control’ approach to market-driven forms in which pollution prevention alternatives are replacing pollution cleaning approach. It follows therefore, that determining the appropriate pollution prevention approach may lead to additional decisions...
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