Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Poverty remains a critical problem that needs to be addressed. All over the world, it remains number 1 problem to all states especially in South Africa where more than half of the population lives below the poverty line. The gap between the rich and the poor is among the worst in the world. (Oxfam, 2015)
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ranks as the poorest country in the world based on its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita over the 2009-2013 period. Out of the 23 poorest countries in the world, 19 are located in Africa.(Global Finance Magazine,2014)
With DRC citizens earning on average $ 394.25 a year, the country stands in sharp contrast with Qatar where people earn an average of $ 105,091.42 a year.
Following the Democratic of Congo are Zimbabwe, where in 2013 people earned $ 589.25 on average, Burundi where they earn $648.58 a year and Liberia where people earn $ 716.04 on average.
The first non-African country on the list is Afghanistan, which comes in the 10th place. It is also the first country where the average annual income passes the $1,000 threshold with $1072.19.
Other non-African countries on the list of the poorest 23 countries in the world are Nepal, Haiti and Myanmar.
Haiti, a country in America whose 77% population live below poverty line.
More than 46 million people out of a population of 308 million live in poverty in America.
Nepal and Myanmar are small countries in Asia. In 2012, the population of Myanmar was estimated at 54, 585 which made it rank number 24. It has a land area of 676, 577 sq. km. Nepal, on the other hand is composed of 75% mountains. It is heavily dependent on imports of basic materials and foreign markets for its forest and agricultural products.
Philippine Constitution, Article 2, Section 9 states that “The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure prosperity and independence of the Nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living and an improved quality of life for all.”
Philippines ranks seventy nine with 26.5 % on the 100 top most countries with population below poverty line. (CIA World Fact book, 2014)
It is a sad fact that in the constitution it states that the state shall free its people from poverty but still almost 28% live in poverty. Philippine poverty line marks a per capita income of Php 16, 841.00 a year. More than one quarter or 27.9% of the population fell below the poverty line in the first quarter of 2012, an approximate 1% increase since 2009. (NSCB)
Philippines has financially limited resources and with a high poverty rate, rapid increase in population has become a very big problem due to insufficient resources and employment that brings about low education rate to families who are considered poor.
Poor refers to a person whose income is sufficient to provide for his nutritional needs but falls short of enabling him to provide for his other basic necessities such as clothing, shelter, health and education. An individual earning less than Php 24.80 ($US 0.83) a day or Php 1, 242.00 ($US 24.80) a month or Php 14,906.00 ($US 298.00) a year is poor. (NSCB)
Rapid population growth in our country is very evident. As a matter of fact, as of July, 2015, the Philippine population reached 100,000,000 with the births of babies born on July 27, 2015.
Unemployment rate, high inflation rate and wide income inequality are other factors that bring about high poverty rate aside from rapid population growth. The official rate of unemployment for 2012 in the Philippines was 6.8 %.
The government planned to eradicate poverty as stated in the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2011-2016. These are annual economic growth of 7.8 % and the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Under this, Philippines committed itself to halving it in 2015.
Government officials have been trying to address the problem on poverty but until now it still remains a very big threat to the development of the nations including our country. In 2010, when Pres. Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III took his seat as the president of the Philippines, he mandated the crafting and the wide implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps. 4Ps or Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) in the Philippines is a poverty alleviation measure of the government that focuses on human capital investment in the poorest of the poor household or the extremely poor households in the country. It is a developmental program that provides CCT to the poor households based on their compliance with verifiable conditions. Extremely poor , also known as food poor refers to a person whose income or other resources fall short of enabling him to provide for even just his nutritional requirements. According to NSCB, an individual earning less than Php 27.7 ($US 0.55) or Php 830.00 ($US 16.60) a month or Php 9,963.00 ($US 200.00) a year is extremely poor or food poor. Launched in 2007, the 4Ps is the government version of CCT, a program that is widely used in other countries to address poverty. It is patterned after the CCT program in Latin America, in Brazil known as Bolsa Familia, in Mexico with Oportunidades and African countries in which it has been proven very successful as poverty alleviation and social development measure. In the Philippines, it was pre-piloted or tested in the municipalities of Sibagat and Ezperanza in Agusan del Sur, the municipalities of Lopez Jaena and Bonifacio in Misamis Occidental, the Caraga Region and the cities of Pasay and Caloocan with a Php 50,000.00 budget. It serves as a vehicle for combating the poverty cycle in Filipino households. It is a flagship poverty alleviation project of the national government run through the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and embodies its vision, mission mandate. It reinforces the role of the DSWD as the lead agency in championing social welfare and development and achieving country’s MDGs on poverty reduction and empowerment of the poor namely: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education. 3. Promote gender equality and women empowerment. 4. Reduce child mortality. 5. Improve maternal health. (4Ps Primer). All of these goals are taken cared by the 4Ps with its objectives:1. Social Assistance- giving monetary support to extremely poor families to respond to their immediate needs.2.Social development- breaking the intergenerational poverty cycle by investing in the health and education of poor children through programs such as:
Health check-ups for pregnant women and children aged 0-5 years, deworming of school children aged 6-14 years, enrollment of children in day care, elementary and secondary schools, family development sessions.
The 4Ps operates in all 17 regions in the Philippines, covering 79 provinces143 cities and 1, 484 municipalities. As of June 24, 2015 there are 4, 436, 732 registered household beneficiaries of which 555, 861 are indigenous households and 221, 145 have at least one person with disability (PWD). The program also covers 10, 888, 887 school children aged 0-18 years, from the total registered with an average of two to three children per household. They were selected through the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR) which identifies who and where the poor are in the country. In general, the ff: criteria must be satisfied to become eligible for the program;1. Residents of the poorest municipalities based on 2003 Small Area Estimates (SAE) of the National Statistical Coordination Board.2. Households whose economic condition is equal to or below the provincial poverty threshold.3.Households that have children 0-18 years (used to be 0-14 years) and /or have a pregnant woman at the time of the assessment.4.Households that agree to meet conditions specified in the program.
The program has two types of cash grants that are given out to household beneficiaries.1. Health grant: Php 500.00 per household every month or a total of Php 3,000.00 every year.2. Education Grant; Php 300.00 per child every month for 10 months or a total of Php 3,000.00 per year for elementary and Php 500.00 per month for high school beneficiary or a total of Php 5,000.00 in ten months.
For a household with three children 4 Ps beneficiaries, it can receive Php 1,400.00 every month or a total of Php 15, 000.00 every year for 5 years. Households with three children in high school shall receive a maximum cash grant package of Php 2,000.00 per month which was Php 1,400.00 for the past months. As of June 2015, a total of Php 17.75 billion cash grant were paid to eligible and compliant beneficiaries for the first to third period of 2015 covering January to June disbursements. From this amount, Php 7.95 billion was paid to education and the remaining Php 9.8 billion was disbursed for health. These data show the seriousness of Pnoy administration to erase poverty in the
Philippines prioritizing education and health of his constituents. He also approved for the Expanded Conditional Cash Transfer Program last July 2014 appropriating Php 12.3 billion whose beneficiaries are 18 years of age. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps (formerly known as Ahon Pinoy) focuses on investing in health and education of children and pregnant mothers from the poorest families because low schooling, ill health and high malnutrition are strongly associated with the poverty of cycle in the Philippines. It provides social assistance (short term) in the forms of health and education cash grants which are conditional upon the compliance of the beneficiaries with the program conditions. It also addresses the issues of low education achievement, high levels of maternal and infant mortality rates, high malnutrition rate and high child labor rate. Therefore, the program as a social development tool, aims to invest in human capital through focusing on the children’s (0-18 years old which was formerly 0-14 years old) health, nutrition and nutrition. Through social assistance and social development, the 4Ps is expected to cut the intergenerational cycle in our country. A two- step procedure was undertaken in the selection process of provinces and municipalities/ cities and households included in the program. In the selection of provinces, municipalities, cities and barangays, the program adopted the selection criteria of National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR). It followed a transparent and objective two- step process which are: 1.The geographic targeting or selection of provinces, municipalities, cities and barangays and 2. The selection of household beneficiaries. These steps include the following: The selection of provinces was based on the official poverty statistics released by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). The latest Family Income Expenditure Survey (FIES) conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) ranked the provinces nationwide according to the incidence of poverty. The National Project Management Office (NPMO) determined the cut-off targets at the provincial level. The selection of the municipalities on the other hand, was based on the latest Small Area Poverty Estimates (SAEs) developed by the NSCB within the selected provinces. Municipalities were likewise ranked according to the incidence of poverty. The NPMO then determined the cut-off targets or number of municipalities that will be covered by the program. This is usually based on the allocated targets or allocated budget per province. For the selection of barangays, Poverty Incidence (PI) was used. If the PI of the municipality is higher than 50%, all barangays will be assessed. If the PI is lower than 50%, the selection will be based on Pockets of Poverty using the Municipal Socio-economic profile, or if there is any available data in the municipality level. The “Pocket of Poverty” refers to geographical area/s in the barangay or municipality/ city where clusters of poor households reside. These areas are characterized by pre-determined indicators. For the selection of households, they were chosen based from the NHTS-PR, the database system of the DSWD that identified the “who and where” the poor are. A statistical formula called Proxy Means Test (PMT) was used to estimate household income through the use of proxy variables indicated in the household survey forms. Identified poor households were processed in a routine called Eligibility Check (EC) which validates the program eligibility of every household and selects the potential recipients of the program. Eligible households are those that have been found to meet the following criteria:1. Are located in the municipalities and barangays selected for the program;
2. Whose economic conditions are equal to or below the provincial poverty threshold;
3. Have children aged 0-14 years old or have pregnant woman at the time of registration into the program; and 4.Are willing and able to commit to meet the conditions specified by the program like a child beneficiary should at least have an 85% of attendance rate in school, should be promoted to the next level and should have been vaccinated.
Although the process of selection was rigid, there were other households who were included and had even received pay outs even if they were not considered poor since they are government employees. They were only delisted after receiving amounts when there are really households who were in dire need of the assistance from our government.
While it is true that the households are chosen, they can be terminated due to the following:1. Non-compliance with the program conditions: 2.The youngest child beneficiary in the household has turned 18 (15 years old before):3.The program implementation period of five years has already been completed:4. Violation of program rules, e.g. misuse of grants by the recipients: 5. Any misrepresentation of the program pertaining to the project implementation as set forth in the Do’s and Don’ts of the LGUs and other stakeholders shall be referred to the DILG or appropriate agency for appropriate action; and 6. Transfer of household beneficiaries to a non-4Ps area.
In 2003, Cordillera Administrative Region was identified as one of the poorest regions in the Philippines.
Along with the 79 provinces covered by the 4Ps, Ifugao is one. It was cited in 2003 by the NSCB as the most improved province – its poverty incidence halved at 30.1 % from 57.70%.This removed it from the country’s “Club 20” poorest provinces. In 2009, NSCB survey showed that it had about 29 poor for every 100 people compared with the national poverty incidence of 26.5 % which is still higher by 3.5%. This explains why Ifugao remains still one of the poor provinces in the country. It has a total land area of 256,636 hectares or about 14 % (1, 829,368 hectares of the Cordillera Administrative Region’s total land area. Forestland accounts for the largest area at 229,154 hectares or 89.29 % of the total land area but only 10.71 % or 27, 482 hectares are classified as alienable and disposable land. For the most part, it is characterized by high relief and rugged terrain, with numerous mountain peaks and ranges surrounding it. Gently mountains run parallel to clastic deposits while steep slopes are made of limestones. Based on the 2010 Population Census, Ifugao had the third lowest population in CAR, accounting for only 11.82 % of the region’s 1, 616, 867 persons and a mere 0.21 % of the national population 92,337,852. The low rate of natural increase could be attributed to the heavy emigration of people due to the area’s poor economic situation. Its annual average growth rate of 1.69 % is lower than the regional growth rate of 1.73 %.Although the population is low, it was an additional factor in the poverty of the province since there are less labor force. It is predominantly agriculture –based as 70% of the income of the total labor force is derived from agriculture, fisheries and livestock; 21% from the services sector and 9 % from industry. Rice is the major crop, contributing to the biggest volume with 137.44 % sufficiency level. However, the province is not sufficient in other commodities such as bananas, coffee, beans, pomelo and other citrus fruits because of low production capacity and a limited area devoted to the production of such commodities (CBMS Census, 1972-2013) Among the 1,484 municipalities covered by the 4Ps, Asipulo is one of the municipalities chosen because it was one of the poorest municipalities of Ifugao along with Hingyon and Tinoc in 2003. Once a part of Kiangan, the municipality found its being an independent municipality when Republic Act 7173 was signed into law by the former President of the Republic of the Philippines, Corazon C. Aquino on January 13, 1992. It has a total land area of 29, 043. 1533 hectares of which 19, 125.9457 hectares is uncontested while 9, 917. 2076 hectares is contested by adjoining municipalities.
It has 9 barangays including Amduntog, Antipolo-the seat of the Municipal
Government, Camandag, Cawayan, Haliap, Namal, Nunggawa, Panubtuban and Pula with four economic zones namely: Liwon SEZ, Nampaling SEZ, Natcak SEZ and Duli Sez. Considered as the “baby municipality”of Ifugao or the youngest municipality in Ifugao, it has been a pilot area of various special programs/ projects from the National Government Agencies including non-government organizations such as the Central Cordillera Agricultural Program II of the Department of Agriculture (CECAP-DA, 1999-2003), the Comprehensive Integrated Delivery of Social Services (KALAHI-CIDSS) and the Japan Social Development Fund-Social Inclusion Project (JSDF-SIP) of the Department of Social Welfare and Development. Projects implemented by the KALAHI-CIDSS process of project implementation or the community –driven development process includes multi-purpose drying pavements, barangay health centers and concrete roads from July 2003 to December 2006.These infrastructures have paved the way for the improvement in the accessibility and provision of social services to target communities. Also community people have become empowered and were able to instill in their minds that development starts with the community’s desire for an improved life. In 2010, the 4Ps reached the municipality because of its prevailing high rate of poverty incidence. The annual population growth rate of the municipality recorded during the period of 1995 to 2000 was 4. 68%. It was noted that there was absolute increase of 2,335 from 1995 to 2000 which is the highest annual growth rate recorded. From 2000 to 2007, there was an absolute increase of 1, 046 or 1.22 % annual growth rate and from 2007 to 2010, the growth rate doubled to 2.66%. From 1995, it was observed that the population is continuously increasing thus making it more difficult to overcome poverty. In 2013, its total population was 13, 926 with total household population of 2,587. The average size was 5.38 rounding it to 5 members per person per family or household. Among the barangays, Nungawa and Haliap are the densest having a population density of 2 and Barangay Pula as the least dense. The gross population density computed shows a sparsely populated municipality. It has only five barangays reachable by vehicular transportation however during rainy seasons, these are very risky and slippery. The rest of the barangays are accessible by hiking for hours. The farthest of which Camandag and Namal are more than 8 hours hike from the seat of the municipal government. This is also one factor that impoverish the people for they cannot easily transport their products to be sold. At the moment, the provincial road coming to the municipality from the municipality of Kiangan is almost completed on a one lane scheme. Some of the farm to market roads are also opened and are being cemented which will pave the way for a better agricultural life since this is the main source of livelihood of the place.
Conceptual framework The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps has conditions on health, education and nutrition. For health and nutrition: a. Pregnant household members should visit their local health center to avail pre and post natal care starting from the first trimester of pregnancy. b. Children 0-5 years old should visit the local health center to avail immunizations, monthly weight monitoring and nutrition counselling (0- 2 years old). C. Children 6-14 years old should be dewormed twice a year. For education: a. Children 3-5 years old should be enrolled in a Day Care or pre- school program and maintain a class attendance rate of at least 85% per month. b. Children 6-14 years old (now 6-18 years) should be enrolled in the elementary and secondary schools and maintain a class attendance rate of at least 85% per month.
The recipients can be slashed from the program if the following situations happen: 1. Non-compliance with the program conditions: 2.The youngest child beneficiary in the household has turned 18 (15 years old before):3.The program implementation period of five years has already been completed: 4. Violation of program rules, e.g. misuse of grants by the recipients: 5. Any misrepresentation of the program pertaining to the project implementation as set forth in the Do’s and Don’ts of the LGUs and other stakeholders shall be referred to the DILG or appropriate agency for appropriate action; and 6. Transfer of household beneficiaries to a non-4Ps area.
The process of monitoring was explained to the beneficiaries including the persons responsible in monitoring. Cases of non-compliance to one and all of the conditions cannot be avoided, but there are corresponding penalties to non-compliance with the conditions. This will eventually lead to dismissal from the program if done frequently.
Monitoring for education, (children 3-14 years old) particularly the attendance shall be done by the Adviser/Teacher and the school principal through the Compliance Verification (CV)–Form 2.For health (children 2-5 years old), doctors, nurse or midwives shall be responsible. Attendance to Family Development Sessions are monitored by the Municipal Link or the Provincial Link. These are done every two months.
There are corresponding penalties to the non-compliance to the program. Deduction of the amount corresponding to the condition not met by the beneficiary shall be the penalty for the first offense. Example: Three hundred pesos will be deducted from the total grant of a child who had more than three absences or less than 85% school attendance for two months.
For the second offense, deduction of the amount corresponding to the condition not met by the beneficiary shall be done and a warning letter shall be furnished reminding them of the possible consequences of the repeated non-compliance.
The third offense calls for the deduction of the amount corresponding to the condition not met and a temporary suspension through a letter from the program will be handed although the beneficiary may appeal within 12 months.
The last/ fourth offense is expulsion from the program which will be done in a letter indicating the permanent expulsion from the program.
The presence of these penalties sets a limit to the misdemeanor that a beneficiary should commit in order for him/ her to be able to stay with the program.
However, like other government programs, loop holes are not avoided. How can the program really monitor if the 4Ps beneficiaries are performing well in school when it is not provided in their monitoring scheme.
The program monitors the attendance of the recipients but they do not look into the academic performances of pupils/ students. In their monitoring tools, they only ask for the attendance rate of the recipient in the school. The academic performances of the beneficiaries should also be monitored and evaluated so that the recipients will see and appreciate the importance of being a part of the program because not all Filipino families are covered with this poverty reduction program.
The municipal link only comes and monitor the attendance every after two months and after monitoring, it will take him or her another two months to verify the students’ attendance which should be monitored every month so as to be more accurate and so that the beneficiary shall be helped instead of being penalized or removed because it is defeating the main objective of the program, to eradicate poverty and to provide basic education to all.
As per observation, in the school where I am teaching, many of them are taking it for granted. They even do not have school supplies so they just come and seek their needs from companions/classmates when in fact, they are provided an allowance of Php 500.00 a month especially those in the secondary level which others do not have. This is defeating the purpose because they become a burden to others instead of being independent because they are beneficiaries. In the lower grades, the students are not even aware of the benefits 4Ps is giving them. They aren’t even aware that their parents are receiving certain amount and how much it is that they receive when they go for pay out. In the implementation of the 4Ps in Tumpak Primary School, the parents and the pupils who were beneficiaries were aware of the benefits and their responsibilities to comply with the conditionalities provided by the program. The attendance and health conditionalities of the recipients were improving and the problem in the implementation of the program was minimal. (Jingco, 2013) During the National Immunization for the Grade 7, some of the 4Ps beneficiaries even do not like to be part of the free immunization when in fact they are very lucky because they are being prioritized. They often cut classes or get absent and when their grades were computed, most of the failures in Grade 7 are boys who are 4Ps recipients but if there are school activities like Intramurals, Indigenous Knowledge, Skills and Practices Festival they are existent until the activity is over. Participation in sports, cultural activities, arts and music, pro-social (Scouting),skills competition like STEP and academic competitions like Math and Science Quiz bee is greatly influenced by their age, gender and grade level. (Hangdaan,2014) However in a study conducted to Grade 7 students of Calaya National High School in Guimaras on absenteeism and academic performance, a negative correlation existed between these two variables. (Gonzaga, 2014) Similar findings was given by Vivian G. Jesusa when she said that there is a negative correlation between fourth years students’ absenteeism and academic performance in English, Filipino, Math ,Science and Araling Panlipunan.(Jesusa, 2014) Another study revealed that most of the pupils had an excellent attendance during the implementation of the 4Ps. The implementation of 4Ps is effective in terms of pupil’s attendance, participation rate in deworming and nutritional status.(Jaro, 2014) In a similar study, Jalandoni supports the findings above. Age and grade level affect pupil’s attendance rate before and after the implementation of 4Ps and the learning performance of the pupils after its implementation increased together with their attendance rate.(Jalandoni, 2013)
High compliance rate were recorded for the months of March and April 2015; 99.91 % for the deworming of children aged 6-14; 98.99 % for school attendance of children aged 6-14; 98.33 % for school attendance of children in day care aged 3-5; 97.05% for school attendance of children aged 15-18; 95.95% for health visits of pregnant women and children aged 0-5 and 94.84 % for attendance in family development sessions. (4Ps Social Marketing Unit, 2015) Another study however shows no significant improvement in the academic performance of pupils when taken as a whole group before and after the implementation of the 4Ps but when they were grouped according to gender, females tend to perform better than the males academically.(Ludero, 2014)
With the change of curriculum from Revised Basic Education Curriculum (RBEC) to Kindergarten to Grade 12 Basic Education Curriculum or known as K to 12 BEC, Elementary Education is already taken for 7 years with the inclusion of Kindergarten (which is mandatory to all children aged 5 before entering Grade 1) while Secondary Education is divided into Junior High school covering Grades 7-10 and Senior High School catering to Grades 11 and 12.before finally proceeding to college. Each child shall finish his/ her basic education for at least 13 years as patterned to developing countries like Japan.
There were a lot of complains heard from parents: additional expenses, longer years in school instead of their children finishing after 4 years in college and find jobs to help them, children will become lazy due to the longer years, etc. The government through the Department of Education tried to explain the positive effects of the program. Those who shall be finishing the Grades 11 & 12 shall be ready to accept jobs especially on skilled type works or they can put up their own business establishments if they wish too because they shall be equipped with sufficient knowledge and skills to do so. They may also proceed to college to take up degree courses for 4-6 years and finish their bachelors’ degree before finally landing a job. Still, another option is to find or put up a part time job and study at the same time.
Most male 4Ps recipients in the lower grade levels are often the ones with class/ school misbehaviors like cutting classes or getting absent from classes especially with the presence of peers who are very influential. In the higher grade levels, these dilemmas are not so much evident. They are more responsible in their studies compared to those who are 12-15 years old.
This study focuses on the 10th Graders of Asipulo who are the first beneficiaries of the K to 12 Basic Education Program (K to 12) and who are the 4Ps oldest beneficiaries of the secondary schools at the moment to see if there was improvement on their grades when they were in Grade 7 until now that they are in the Grade 10 with the presence of the 4Ps.
The focus is on the highest grade level (Grade 10) because the lowest grade level, the Grade 7 are still adjusting from elementary life to secondary life. The Grade 10 are already aware of their responsibilities and their education.
This study will not only be for the respondents and the researcher but this will also give a basis for the program to include the monitoring of the academic performance of the beneficiaries.
In the latest 4Ps Expansion briefer to the pantawid family staff, the program requires a close monitoring of the elder/ eldest beneficiary (15-18 years old) to be able to finish his/ her study in order to help his/ her family.
In the elementary level, a child may repeat in one level but for the secondary level, a recipient should have a General Weighted Average (GWA) prescribed by Dep Ed to pass to the next level. It means that even if the beneficiary only gets 75 % which is the lowest passing grade, he/ she will still be a 4Ps recipient since his/ her grade passed. For the program to be more effective on the education part, the program should include monitoring the beneficiaries’ academic performance for them to be able to strive in their studies and improve their attendance in school. The program can work hand in hand to improve the performance of the recipients if a cutoff grade shall be required so that they will not take their studies for granted for after all, one of the main purpose of the program is to educate every one for free.
With the new Dep Ed grading system which uses a transmutation table for the final grade, it is possible that a child can just get 75% without exerting much effort. This is one reason why the researcher is pursuing this study. There are those who are not included in the program for some reasons but they are striving to excel and here comes a government scholar who is just resting on his laurel for everything is provided for his/ her study.
An intervention program should be done to address the low academic performance of the beneficiaries such as the ff: 1. Monitoring of attendance of the beneficiary should be done monthly. 2. There should also be a monitoring tool for the academic performance of the beneficiary designed by the program. 3. There should also be a monitoring team who shall look into the proper expenditures of the education cash grant to ensure that the beneficiaries have complete school supplies like complete set of notebooks required for each grade level, ball pens, pencils, complete art materials, calculators including umbrellas, complete set of uniforms or at least 2-3 of this and decent clothings which are appropriate to use in the school because without these needs, their academic performances will be affected. 4. 4Ps parents together with their children should be mandated to join all school activities especially the Parents-Teachers Association meetings and should undergo Family Development Sessions every after the periodical test especially to beneficiaries who have low grades. 5. The DSWD, as the spearheading implementer of the 4Ps should at least visit the schools every after two months to give lectures/ conduct symposium or to update the beneficiaries of their roles as members of the program. Paradigm of the Study
Respondent’s Profile
Age
Gender
Family Monthly Income
Parents’ Occupation
Highest Educational Attainment of Parents

Respondent’s Profile
Age
Gender
Family Monthly Income
Parents’ Occupation
Highest Educational Attainment of Parents

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program(4Ps)
Academic Performance
4Ps Benefits
Awareness of 4Ps Benefits
Year of Becoming 4Ps Recipients
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program(4Ps)
Academic Performance
4Ps Benefits
Awareness of 4Ps Benefits
Year of Becoming 4Ps Recipients
Intervention Program for the improvement of academic performance of 4Ps beneficiaries
Intervention Program for the improvement of academic performance of 4Ps beneficiaries Input Process Output

C. Statement of the Problem The study was conducted to determine the academic performance of the Asipulo 10th Graders who are 4Ps beneficiaries.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of a. Age b. Gender c. Family Monthly Income d. Parents’ Occupation e. Highest Educational Attainment of Parents 2. What is the academic performances of the students who are 4Ps beneficiaries? 3. Is there a significant difference between the academic performances of the respondents when grouped by profile? 4. What level of awareness on the 4Ps benefits do the respondents have? 5. What are the 4Ps benefits availed by the respondents and what year did they become beneficiaries of the program? 6. What changes are experienced by the respondents in terms of health and education since they became 4Ps recipients? 7. Is there a significant difference in the changes experienced by the beneficiaries when grouped by profile? 8. Is there a significant relationship in terms of academic performance of the respondents and the changes experienced by them as 4Ps beneficiaries? 9. What intervention program is proposed to improve the academic performance of the 4Ps beneficiaries? Hypotheses 1. There is no significant difference between the academic performances of the respondents when grouped by profile. 2. There is no significant difference in the changes in education experienced by the respondents when grouped by profile. 3. There is no significant relationship in terms of academic performances of respondents and their attendance in school as 4Ps beneficiaries.

Chapter II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Method The use of a survey form approach particularly the descriptive method was observed in the research study since this approach corresponded to the main objective of the study which is to determine the impact of 4Ps to the academic performances of Asipulo 10th Graders for the school years 2012-2015.
Research Environment
The study was conducted at the 4 Secondary Schools of Asipulo found far away from each other. Asipulo National High School located at Bahag, Antipolo, Asipulo; Haliap National High School situated at Haliap, Asipulo,the gateway to the municipality; Camandag National High School (formerly Haliap National High School Annex- B) found at Pihipi, Camandag, Asipulo; Natcak National High School (formerly Haliap National High School Annex-A) lying at the mountain of Banihal, Natcak, Camandag, Asipulo, Ifugao.
Asipulo was chosen as the research environment so that the result of the study will be used to improve the academic performance of the 4Ps recipients of the municipality.
Map of Asipulo It came to pass that in one of the fierce encounters between the “bungkelew” or invaders and the residents of “Ba-hiltu”, then southern part of Kiangan, started the history of Asipulo. It is said that some women busy tending their rice fields and kaingin (uma or habal) spotted down a large group of men of unknown origin quite far from the scene. As their body preparation and movements, the women could exactly tell that they were invading enemies.
The information spread quickly in the villages that made some residents panic for some moments. Others hurriedly fled to places nearby like Kiangan. The brave men prepared their war gadgets to welcome and face the invaders. They went out a little distance from their village and positioned themselves on the foot trail leading to the nearest village.
The lead batch of invaders scaling upward the trail are crippled and hurt by rolling stones pushed down by the brave men. The enemies crushed down the slopes limping and unable to engage. The other enemies succeeded in reaching the defenders but were terribly annihilated and retreated in different directions each groping his way back, some leaving behind their weapons.
The resident defenders proved their mettle of bravery and courage. They made a good chase against the invaders and at daybreak, they had with them heads and weapons of their enemies. No casualty was on side except for some minor injuries. With the rays of the sun peeping from the east horizon, some brave defenders tied an enemy head around their waist and went home victorious. Those who saw them from the villages joyously and repeatedly shouted “In asip da ulo.” This term referred to as a decapitated head tied in the waist like the scabbard of a bolo.
Because they believed that the spirits of the dead will enemies will haunt them or to cause harm befall unto their families, deferent rituals were performed at the expense of the villagers. Since then the information about the fateful and fatal encounter reached other places not only in Ifugao but also to some of the neighboring provinces.
Some informants said that the incident took place actually in one of the villages composing what is now Antipolo Barangay. The incident gave birth to the word Asip-ulo. “Asip” means scabbard and “ulo” means head. To identify the participating villages from those who are far from the scene, Asipulo word referred to them.
The neighboring “Yattuka” speaking people, with the nature of their tongue corrupted and pronounced “Asip-ulo” as “atip-ulo” which in rare cases letter “t” sounds “s”. With the influence of Tuwali tribe, the original term “asip-ulo” or “atip-ulo” which seen controversial was made Antipolo to make the place distinct.
It was only during the process of creating this 11th municipality of Ifugao that traced the remarkable term to embrace all places in southern Kiangan them referred as Asipulo. Thus, the name ASIPULO was derived and used to name the new municipality of the province. Mountainous as it is, it gave birth to the construction of four different high schools in different places to cater to the secondary educational needs of the different dialects and tribes it has, the Ayangan ,Kalanguya, (Yat-tuka, Keley-I, Kalanguya) ,and an inclusion of other tribes due to intermarriages like Tuwali, Ilocano, Tagalogs.
Respondents
The respondents of this study are the Asipulo 10th Graders 4Ps beneficiaries. There are 85 Asipulo 10th Graders who are 4Ps beneficiaries this school year who are studying in the 4 secondary schools of the municipality. Asipulo National High School; Haliap National High School; Camandag National High School (formerly Haliap National High School Annex- B); Natcak National High School (formerly Haliap National High School Annex-A) .(CV-Form 2, June-July,2015)
The researcher used complete enumeration for this study.
Table I. Frequency and Percentage of the Respondents by School Name of School | Frequency(N) | Percentage (%) | 1. Asipulo NHS | 28 | 33 | 2. Camandag NHS | 21 | 25 | 3. Haliap NHS | 23 | 27 | 4. Natcak NHS | 13 | 15 | Total | 85 | 100% |

Table 1 shows the frequency and percentage of the respondents. Asipulo NHS has the highest number of beneficiaries with a frequency of 28 students. Natcak NHS which has only 26 Grade 10 students have 13 recipients. Haliap NHS has a percentage of 27 with 23 student beneficiaries and Camandag NHS with 21 recipients. There are 195 Grade 10 students of Asipulo and the 4Ps beneficiaries are almost half of these number.
Data Gathering Tool
The tool used was a questionnaire authored by the researcher of the Asipulo 10th Graders starting from school year 2012-2015.The questionnaire followed a descriptive questionnaire to gather the data necessary for the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher first sought the permission from the Schools Division Superintendent Madam Sally B. Ullalim, CESO VI through a letter ,then to the Asipulo and Kiangan Public Schools District Supervisor, Madam Rosa Humiwat, to the school heads of the different secondary schools of Asipulo; Mr. Oliver Tobiagon for Haliap NHS; Mr. Arsenio P. Guinyang for Asipulo NHS; Mrs. Mary Mavis B. Tuguinay for Camandag NHS and Mrs. Jane C. Tayaban for Natcak NHS for the floating of questionnaires and for the gathering of other data. Retrieval of the questionnaires were done shortly. Data gathered were tabulated in accordance with the variables presented in the specific questions.
Statistical Treatment of Data
To determine the profile of the respondents, frequency and percentage were used.
Mean was used to determine the academic performances of the respondents from school years 2012 to 2015.That means to say that their final averages for the school years 2012-2013, 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 were the only ones considered excluding their grades this school year, 2015-2016 since the school year is not yet over.
T –test and ANOVA was used to determine the difference between these changes experienced by the beneficiaries when grouped by profile.
Pearson r correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship of the academic performance of respondents and the changes experienced by them as 4Ps beneficiaries.