...How many cranial nerves are there? Nerves arising directly from the brain are called cranial nerves, while those arising from the spinal cord are called peripheral nerves. How many cranial nerves are there? There are 12 cranial nerves that come in pairs, one on each side of the brain. These nerves pass from the brain though openings in the skull called foramina, to supply various parts of the head and neck, although some have extensions to the body. The cranial nerves each have a name, but they are also known by their corresponding Roman numerals, which name them from the topmost to the bottommost location of origin in the brain. These nerves have various sensory, motor, and other functions, which are important to your well-being and proper functioning. Part 1: How Many Cranial Nerves Are There? In answering the question,...
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...overlapping functions of the nervous system? 1. Sensory input 2. Integration 3. Motor output 2.The central nervous system (CNS) consists of what? The brain and the spinal cord. 3.The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of what? The sensory neurons and motor neurons. 4.What are ganglia? A ganglion is a dense cluster of interconnected neurons that process sensory information or control motor outputs. 5.What is the difference between spinal nerves and cranial nerves? Spinal nerves arise from the either side of the spinal cord and there are 31 pairs. Spinal nerves take impulses to and from the spinal cord and control skeletal muscle contraction. Cranial nerves arise from the brain are concerned with the head, neck and facial regions of the body and there are 12 pairs. Cranial nerves take impulses to and from the brain. 6.What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS? What do each of them do? Two subdivisions of the PNS are the sensory-somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. 7.What are the 2 main parts of the motor division? What do they do? 8.What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? What do they do? 9.What are neuroglia or glial cells? List each type of glial cell in the CNS and its function. 10.List each type of glial cell in the PNS and its function. 11.How is resting membrane potential (RMP) generated? What channels contribute to RMP? What is the normal RMP of a neuron? 12.Define the following:...
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...Brain and Cranial Nerves Choose the single best answer to each question. 1) The brain A) is the center of both motor and sensory processing. B) is the center of emotion, intellect, memory and behavior. C) is composed of trillions of neurons and thousands of neuroglia. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 2) Which part of the embryonic brain ultimately becomes the cerebrum and lateral ventricles? A) telencephalon B) mesencephalon C) diencephalon D) rhombencephlon E) metencephalon 3) Each of the following is considered a major part of the brain EXCEPT the: A) brain stem B) cerebellum C) cerebrum D) diencephalon E) hypothalamus 4) How do the cranial meninges differ from the spinal meninges? A) The cranial meninges have one layer instead of two. B) There no epidural space between the dura and the bones of the skull. C) The cranial meninges do not enclose vascular sinuses, but the spinal meninges do. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 5) Which blood vessels supply the brain with blood? A) vertebral arteries B) internal carotid arteries C) external carotid arteries D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 6) Which is true of the adult brain? A) It uses about 2% of the body’s O2 at rest. B) It is dependent on fatty acid metabolism for energy. C) Its functions are impaired by even transient interruptions of blood flow. D) It represents about 20% of the body’s mass. E) It functions well when...
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...Houston Community College-Northwest Self Quiz Ch 14 1. The brain A) is the center of both motor and sensory processing. B) is the center of emotion, intellect, memory and behavior. C) is composed of trillions of neurons and thousands of neuroglia. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 2. How do the cranial meninges differ from the spinal meninges? A) The cranial meninges have one layer instead of two. B) There no epidural space between the dura and the bones of the skull. C) The cranial meninges do not enclose vascular sinuses, but the spinal meninges do. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 3. Which blood vessels supply the brain with blood? A) vertebral arteries B) internal carotid arteries C) external carotid arteries D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 4. The blood-brain barrier A) lets lipid-soluble substances, such as O2, CO2 and many anesthetic agents enter the brain. B) is formed by oligodendrocytes. C) allows creatinine, urea and most ions to pass more quickly than water and glucose. ) A and B are correct. D) A, B and C are correct. 5. Cerebrospinal fluid A) is an opaque, yellowish liquid. B) provides some mechanical protection for the brain. C) contains red blood cells. D) is found in the blood vessels of the CNS. E) is made by microglia. 6. How does cerebrospinal fluid pass from the 3rd ventricle into the 4th...
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...for these functions or separately. However, it will be prime for us to understand both functionalities. The nervous system constitutes of the foundation in which the body’s communication system is built. It constitutes of a group and network of neurons that assist in its function. The nervous system is divided into two: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord while the peripheral is made up of the nerves and their entire network throughout the body. On the other hand, the endocrine system is made up of glands that are positioned throughout the body. These glands secrete hormones that control or regulate such processes in the body such as growth, blood flow and pressure, digestion and metabolism. The nervous system deals with body needs that require a quick response such as breathing, while the endocrine system deals with the much slower but vital processes in the body, such as cell growth. As earlier explained, we are going to go further to explain both systems starting with the nervous system. The nervous system as indicated earlier constitutes of a network of neurons that develop much further into nerves. [pic]Nervous system It is made up of two most important sections namely; the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. In more analysis, the central nervous system is the centre as the name suggests of the body communication. The nerves linked to...
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...Intro to the Skeletal System. Chap 6: Bones are composed of several different tissues working together * osseous tissue * cartilage * dense connective tissue * epithelium * adipose tissue * nervouse tissue All of the bones and the cartilages, Functions: * supports soft tissues and provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles * protects the most important internal organs * assists in movement by acting as levers for skeletal muscles * osseous tissue stores and releases minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus * red marrow within bones produces blood cells * yellow marrow within bones stores triglycerides, a source of potential energy reserve Classification: -longbones -- greater length than width - short bones -- nearly equal in l & w - flat bones -- thin - irregular bones -- complex shapes - sesamoid bones -- shaped like a sesame seed Long bone anatomy: * -Regions of a long bone * Diaphysis (Shaft) * Medullay cavity (inside shaft) * 2 Epiphyses (proximal and distal) * 2 Metaphyses (join diaphysis and epiphysis with epiphyseal plate, or line once growth stops) * -Surface tissues * Endosteum * Periosteum * Articular cartilage * Osseous Tissue * -Extra cellular matrix of connective tissue * Water * Collagen fibers- gives property of flexibility and tensile strength * Crystallized mineral salts of hydroxyapatities – gives property...
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...vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections. You also have the front of the body, the anterior, and the back of the body, the posterior or dorsal. You also have the Sagittal Plane and Body Direction that is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections. The Transverse Plan and Body Direction that is a horizontal plan that divides the body into top and bottom sections. This approach is used when studying organs and its functions or specific areas within the body like the lungs, brain, and joint and tendons. Body Cavities: A cavity is a hollow space. It is surrounded by bones or muscles that support and protect the organs and structures with the cavity. There are five body cavities: * The cranial cavity that is within the bony cranium that contains the brain, cranial nerves and other structures * The spinal cavity or spinal canal that is a continuation of the cranial cavity that travels down the midline of the back that contains the spinal cord, spinal nerves and other structures. * The thoracic cavity that within the chest that is surrounded by the sternum, ribs,...
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... Objective: Head to toe Assessment: The patient is smiling Alert and oriented to self, place and time. Conversation is appropriate. His skin is normal, warm and dry and turgor is good, He has good posture and answers all questions appropriately without delay. He is 6ft. 195 pounds and has not complaints about appetite. He reports that he is eating well. There are no obvious physical deformities. Gait is steady Head and Face The hair, Scalp and cranium are normal on palpation. The hair and scalp are not too oily or too dry. There are no visible or palpable masses on the cranium and it feels intact. Visual inspection of the eyebrows, palpebral fissures, nasal-labial folds, and sides of the mouth are symmetric indicating that Cranial Nerve VII is intact. Pulses on the temporal artery are 2+ and symmetric. There is not crepitation (Jarvis, 2007) of the tempomandibular joint, there is full range of motion and no tenderness. Eyes Standing across from the patient at eye level with both of our left eyes covered, I tested the peripheral vision of the patient by trying to assess when he could no longer see my finger when I could see it. This test was negative which is...
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...LECTURE 10-19 OBJECTIVES Lecture 10 1. Describe the functions of the various types of muscle * Skeletal- limb movement * Cardiac- heart movements * Smooth- movements of hollow organs 2. Describe the involvement of connective tissue in a skeletal muscle * Endomysium- surrounds and fills up spaces between individual muscle fibers * Perimysium- ensheaths muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) * Epimysium- ensheaths the whole muscle 3. Name the components of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe their function * Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm * Sarcolemma- plasma membrane * T-tubules- inward extensions of the sarcolemma * Mitochondria- provide ATP * Sarcoplasmic reticulum- endoplasmic reticulum * Myofibril- contains thick and thin filaments, myosin and actin 4. Sketch a myofibril 5. Describe the neuromuscular junction * Junction of a muscle fiber and axon of motor neuron it is attached to 6. Name the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular function * Acetylcholine 7. Draw a diagram showing how the thin and thick filaments are organized in the sarcomere and list the five steps involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber 8. Define what is meant by excitation-contraction coupling, and describe how it works * The coupling of nerve impulse with muscle contraction hinges around the release of calcium ions * 1, the action of acetylcholine cause a wave of electrical depolarization to spread...
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...Introduction A system is made up of different tissues and organs working together to perform a specific function in the body. Skeletal system: Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body. Together these structures form the human skeleton. Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body around which the entire body is built. Almost all the hard parts of human body are components of human skeletal system. Joints are very important because they make the hard and rigid skeleton allow different types of movements at different locations. If the skeleton were without joints, no movement would have taken place and the significance of human body no more than a stone. Components of Human Skeleton Human skeleton is composed of three main components; Bones, Associated cartilages and Joints. Bones: Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton. Cartilages: Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not. Joints: Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”. Divisions of Human Skeleton:...
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...sensory information and then acts as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system. The peripheral system includes all of the nerves outside the central nervous system. Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord and cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain. Theses nerves serve as links in the communication network, connecting everything together. Functional Classification- The functional classification deals only with the peripheral nervous system. The sensory (afferent) division consist of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors in various parts of the body. Somatic sensory fibers deliver impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles and joints. Visceral sensory fivers transmit impulses from visceral organs. The sensory division keeps the central nervous system informed about the things going around the body. The motor (efferent) division carries impulses from the central nervous system to the specific organs. The impulses activate muscles and glands. The motor division is broken into a subdivision-somatic and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system allows us to voluntary control our skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system controls events that are involuntary like activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. NEURON STRUCTURE Neurons are nerve cells that transmit messages. The cell body of the neuron is the metabolic center of the cell and contains the nucleus. Processes extend...
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...Symmetrical Mood and affect appears to be in good mood Speech: articulation, pattern, content and appropriate, native language Speech appropriate clear, English Hearing No difficulty hearing Personal hygiene Clean, Good hygiene Measurements and Vital Signs Height 5’7” Weight 144 BMI 22.6 Radial pulse: • Rate • Rhythm 62 bpm, Regular rhythm Respirations: • Rate • Depth 12 breaths per min, regular Blood pressure (indicate if sitting or lying) 118/76 Pain assessment 0/10 Physical Assessment Skin Hands and nails no clubbing biting or discolorations Color and pigmentation Uniformly pinkish tan in color. Warm, dry, intact, good turgor. No lesions, birthmarks, edema. Moles noted, al round shape and circular borders. Presence of lesions? none Temperature warm Moisture dry Texture smooth, firm Turgor good Head and Face Scalp Hair Cranium Normal distribution and texture, no pests or inhabitants. Normocephalic. No lumps, lesions, scaling, parasites, or tenderness. Face (cranial nerve VII) Symmetrical. No weakness, no involuntary movements. Temporal artery and temporomandibular joint No slipping or crepitation. Maxillary sinuses and frontal sinuses No sinus...
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...Anatomy of the Nervous System 3 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System 3.4 Spinal Cord 3.2 Cells of the Nervous System 3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 3.6 Major Structures of the Brain ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 ■ General Layout of the Nervous System I n order to understand what the brain does, it is first necessary to understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they are connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, I want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by early neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures— but, then, how could they have anticipated that Latin and Greek, universal languages of the educated in their day, would not be compulsory university fare in our time? To help you, I have provided the literal English meanings of many of the neuroanatomical terms, and I have kept this chapter as brief, clear, and to the point as possible, covering only the most important structures. The payoff for your effort will be a fundamental understanding of the structure of the human brain and a new vocabulary to discuss...
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...Distinguish between receptor and generator potentials and sensory adaptation. 5. Compare and contrast the three main levels of neural integration. 6. Describe the four properties of a stimulus. 7. Distinguish between tonic and phasic receptors and the idea of adaptation. 8. Discuss pain (types, neurotransmitters, fast vs. slow pain, phantom & referred pain). 9. Define ganglion and indicate the general body location of ganglia. 10. Describe the general structure of a nerve. 11. Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; indicate the body region and structures innervated by each. 12. Describe the formation of a spinal nerve and the general distribution of its rami. 13. Define plexus. Name the major plexuses and describe the distribution and function of the peripheral nerves arising from each plexus. 14. Outline the three levels of the motor hierarchy. 16. Name the components of a reflex arc and distinguish between visceral and somatic reflexes. Chapter 12 (CNS) 19. Describe the gross and microscopic structure of the spinal cord. 20. List the major spinal cord tracts, and classify each as a motor or sensory tract. I Overview (Fig. 13.1) A. General properties of sensory systems 1. They begin with a stimulus, internal or external, that acts on a sensory receptor. 2. The receptor is a biological transducer that converts the stimulus into electrical graded potentials. 3. If the graded potentials are above threshold...
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...further detail of the nervous system by separating into the central nervous systems and its functions, the peripheral nervous system and its two branches under the system; including what it is responsible for and briefly how it works. The paper then discusses the special senses. It focuses on the eyes and ears and how they function to perform their major duties. The Nervous System and Special Senses One of the most complicated systems of the body, the nervous system is responsible for many different body functions. It is composed of two primary cell types-neurons and neuroglia. The neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses to different parts of the body. The neurons are usually identified by the way they travel, such as afferent (sensory) - moving toward the brain or spinal cord, or efferent (motor) -moving away from the brain or spinal cord (Nervous System and Special Senses). The neuron is a special structure in itself. It is composed of a cell body, a nucleus, dendrites, axons, and a myelin sheath. The dendrites carry impulses to the cell body, while the axons carry the impulses from the cell body and out to muscles, glands and other dendrites. Neuroglia is much simpler than neurons. Their main function is to support the neurons and bind them to other neurons or tissue. Neuroglia is also known to supply neurons with oxygen and other nutrients to help aid in metabolic functions, as well as helping the nervous system when it suffers in injury or infection (Gylys)....
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