Test 1 Key Terms: * 13th Amendment: 1865, abolishes slavery. * 14th Amendment: 1868, ensures equal rights and protections to every person born or naturalized in the United States. * 15th Amendment: 1870, prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race. * Radical Republicans: Believed that the federal government should guarantee certain basic rights that would provide freed people with a measure of economic opportunity, and some went further to suggest that meaningful economic opportunity would require a program of land re-distribution from former Confederated to former slaves. * First Reconstruction Act (1867): An act that prevented the former Confederate states from entering the Union until they had ratified the 14th Amendment and written new constitutions that guaranteed black men the right to vote. It also divided the South (with the exception of Tennessee, which had ratified the 14th Amendment) into five military districts and stationed federal troops throughout the region. * Black Codes: Southern state laws passed after the Civil War to limit the rights and actions of newly liberated African Americans. * Freedmen’s Bureau: Federal agency created by Congress in March 1865 and disbanded in 1869. Its purposes were to provide relief for Southerners who had remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War, to support black elementary schools, and to oversee annual labor contracts between landowners and field hands. * Ku Klux Klan: A group of Tennessee war veterans who became a white supremacist terrorist organization promoting violence and intimidation against freed people who dared to resist the demands of white planters and other employees. * 1877 Compromise: Informal, unwritten agreement made by members of Congress that ended the era of Reconstruction. * “Redeemers”: White, post-Reconstruction Democrats in the