...industrialized countries. It is often discussed as a social problem or phenomenon, with its causes usually related to cultural and structural changes such as increased female labor force participation and legislation which makes divorce easier to obtain. Furthermore, divorce today has become more socially accepted, as individuality has become the dominant value in our capitalist society. Despite the social acceptance of divorce, I think most would agree with me in stating that divorce is not desirable, as it causes emotional, physical and financial strains not only on those directly involved, but on their children and extended families as well. In this paper, I investigate the relationship between divorce and economic cycles in the United States from 1950 to 2000. My intention is to discover whether and how divorce rates change in periods of economic recession, as compared to periods of economic growth. It is important to look into further trends in divorce rates, as its increase over time may not simply be an issue of social and cultural changes, but rather another one of the effects of the economy on the family unit in the United States. My hypothesis is that divorce rates will decrease in periods of economic growth, as a husband's increased income has been identified to have a stabilizing effect on marital relationships. This is due largely to the fact that as income grows, so too does standard of living, relieving some of the potential stresses in a marriage. Furthermore, those with...
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...Bartels, Robert (1976) “The History of Marketing Thought,” 2 ed., pp.1-33, 123-243, Chapters 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,14. Chapter 1: The Meaning of Marketing The establishment of a market economy wrought marked changes in the social and economic structure. A new attitude toward business revolutionized the economy of the country and that revolutionary element was identified by the term ‘marketing.’ Historical accounts of trade lead one to conclude that marketing has always existed. Was the original use of the term marketing merely an application of a new name to an old practice? One theory is that language is an invention of man, an adornment. The other explanation of the origin of language is that it is inseparable from reason. Accordingly, man’s language has developed as his thoughts have developed. By marketing was first meant “that combination of factors which had to be taken into consideration prior to the undertaking of cer6tain selling or promotional activities.” The essence of marketing was the combination of factors. Blindness to and ignorance of that combination of factors is the reason for the absence of terms equivalent to marketing in other languages. Marketing must be regarded not merely as a business practice, but as a social institution. Marketing is essentially a means of meeting and satisfying certain needs of people. It is a highly developed and refined system of thought and practice characteristic of a period in the development of...
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...or to sell or market to people. An important concept to note however, from the article is that marketers evolved to applying theories of behavior, the same as health educator‟s use. Among these are concepts borrowed from established disciplines, such as psychology and sociology and suggesting that marketing is a social science. Please note that the bold text are from the original text from Dr. Hermans. The article begins now. Bartels, Robert (1976) “The History of Marketing Thought,” 2nd edition, Highlights selected by Dr. Hermans are from chapters 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,and 14. Accessed on Sep 18, 2009. Available at http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/c/ChuckHermans/Bartels.htm Chapter 1: The Meaning of Marketing The establishment of a market economy wrought marked changes in the social and economic structure. A new attitude toward business revolutionized the economy of the country and that revolutionary element was identified by the term „marketing.‟ Historical accounts of trade lead one to conclude that marketing has always existed. Was the original use of the term marketing merely an application of a new name to an old practice? One theory is that language is an invention of man, an adornment. The other explanation of the origin of language is that it is inseparable from reason. Accordingly, man‟s language has developed as his thoughts have developed. By marketing was first meant “that combination of...
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...National and International Approaches in Social Reporting Author(s): Franz Rothenbacher Reviewed work(s): Source: Social Indicators Research, Vol. 29, No. 1 (May, 1993), pp. 1-62 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27522680 . Accessed: 25/11/2011 03:27 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Social Indicators Research. http://www.jstor.org FRANZ ROTHENBACHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES IN SOCIAL REPORTING* (Accepted 27 October, 1992) ABSTRACT. National and international in social in western approaches reporting are described. starts with The the outline of current in activities paper Europe are discussed. international The national Further organizations. competing approaches and products of social reporting; the plurality of actors in social topics are the sources and different The only diffusion of ways of its institutionalization. reporting, incomplete inWestern social are offered...
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...Book's Name | Author's Name | A Bend in the River | V. S. Naipaul | A Bend in the River | V.S.Naipaul | A Gift of Monotheists | Ram Mohan Roy | A House for Mr.Biswas | V.S.Naipaul | A Journey | Tony Blair | A Minister and his Responsibilities | Morarji Bhai Desai | A Nation is Making | Surendra Nath Bandhopadhye | A Pair of Blue Eyes | Thomash Hardy | A Passage to India | E. M. Foster | A Revenue Stamp (autobiography) | Amrita Pritam | A Strange and Sublime Address | Amit Choudhary | A Suitable Boy | Bikram Seth | A Tale of Two Cities | Charls Dikens | A Voice of Freedom | Nayantara Shehgal | A week with Gandhi | L. Fischer | Adventures of Sherlock Homes | Arther Canon Doel | All the Prime Minister's Men | Janardan Thakur | Allahabad Prasasti | Harisen | Amitabh- the Making of the Superstar | Susmita Das Gupta | Amukta Malyad | Krishna Deva Raya | An Unknown Indian | Nirod C. Choudhary | Anand Math | Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaye | Anna Karenina | Leo Tolstoy | Aparajito | Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay | Apple Cart | G. B. Shaw | Aranyak | Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay | Arogyaniketan | Tarashankar Bandopadhyay | Astyadhaye | Panini | Bakul Katha | Ashapurna Devi | Ban Palashir Padabali | Ramapada Chowdhury | Bandit Queen | Mala Sen | Bela Obela Kalbela | Jibanananda Das | Bengali Zamindar | Nilmoni Mukherjee | Bicramanchadev | Bilhon | Blind Beauty | Boris Pasternak | Buddhacharit | Asha Ghosh | Captive Lady...
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...Timeline Paper The historical development of nursing science began with Florence Nightingale’s influential Notes on Nursing. The science of nursing has grown and developed into an academically sound and proven study of nursing care. In the 150 years following Florence Nightingale’s innovative approach to nursing care, many influential nursing theorists have emerged. This paper will discuss the Florence Nightingale, the pioneer theorists from the 1950’s, the transitional theorists from the 1960’s, and the research theorists from the 1990’s. The Historical Development of Nursing Science and Theory Nursing science and theory began with Florence Nightengale’s Notes on Nursing. Florence Nightingale is remembered for building the foundations of modern nursing establishing nursing as a profession. “Her book, Notes on Nursing (Nightingale 1859) first published in 1859, was the first nursing text book. She wrote the first modern nursing curriculum for St Thomas's Hospital, London when she instituted nurse education there in 1860 and followed these with a number of other books, reports and pamphlets. (Stanley, D., 2007). However, it would be decades before her insights, observations and educational model would be acknowledged as the first nursing theory. In the 1950’s Columbia University’s Teachers College developed an education program to prepare nurses at a graduate level. This was in response to the need to develop administrative and faculty positions. Graduates of this program...
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...The Colonial Legacy in African Management: West Africa (1950s to 1970s) and South Africa (1990-2000s) Stephanie Decker sdecker@hbs.edu Abstract The colonial legacy in Africa has determined the development of management on the continent, as the comparison between the historical case of Africanisation in Ghana and Nigeria in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s with South Africa in the 1990s and 2000s highlights. Despite the fact that Ghana and Nigeria were not settler colonies, when white managers were replaced with blacks (who previously only occupied subordinate positions in the colonial or Apartheid systems), most companies in Africa faced similar problems. In the quest for legitimacy in the eyes of local elites and the international community companies were tempted to resort to ineffectual window-dressing, or failed to develop the talent of black staff who face disapproval not only from white but also from less successful black colleagues. In case of successful promotion of black managers, skilled white personnel was often driven away by the lack of opportunities, while capable black staff was frequently poached with better offers by competitors. The creation of a black elite with significantly higher income than the majority population was also frequently divisive and undermined corporate social responsibility claims. Keywords: Black Economic Empowerment, Affirmative Action, Africanisation, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Employment Equity in South...
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...Philosophy of Science (All Science, not just social science) During the time of the ancient Greeks—that is, Socrates and Plato, but before them and after them as well, the study of “philosophy” (Greek for “love of wisdom”) began. At that time, philosophy included both the natural and physical sciences as well what we know as philosophy today. The development of philosophy created a tension between philosophy, science, and religion. Remember that Socrates was put to death for allegedly questioning the existence of the official state-worshiped gods. This tension between philosophy, science and religion continued through the 1400’s and 1500’s when the European “Enlightenment” emphasized the concept that both “rational thought” and “science” was separate from religion. Today, they are still generally in tension. Whether these methods of gaining knowledge are consistent or not is constantly debated among scientists, theologians, and philosophers. Science=observation of the physical universe which includes (beginning in the late 1800’s) the study of human behavior using our five senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell); Religion=the study of the “divine” (i.e., god, however a person conceives of that notion, and it’s implications) Philosophy=the study of questions unanswerable by science through the use of “reason” (rational thought) alone. Thus, there are 4 different philosophical views on how humans can obtain knowledge: 1. mysticism/divine revelation—a...
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...IMPORTANCE AND CURRENT ISSUES OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM Cynthia P. C. Lee Abstract This paper emphasized on the Decision Support System (DSS) defined in various ways depending upon the author’s point of view by Turban (1995), Little (1970), Moore and Chang (1980), Keen (1980), and Power (1997); history of DSS during late 1950s and early 1960s until millennium approached of Web-based analytical applications; the Decision support system (DSS) has been used in many different ways (Alter 1980, Power, 2002). Turban (1995) defines it as "an interactive, flexible, and adaptable computerbased information system, especially developed for supporting the solution of a nonstructured management problem for improved decision making. It utilizes data, provides an easy-to-use interface, and allows for the decision maker's own insights." For Little (1970), a DSS is a "model-based set of procedures for processing data and judgments to assist a manager in his decision-making." Moore and Chang (1980) define DSS as extendible systems capable of supporting ad hoc data analysis and decision modeling, oriented toward future planning, and used at irregular, unplanned intervals. importance of DSS to assist in high-level decision-making, assist academic advising staff, improve the quality and timeliness of marketing decisions, and medical diagnosis process; and current issues of DSS where decision-making as the most important activities for human beings, Clinical Decision Support Systems...
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... February 17, 2014 Final Assessment 1 Introduction The United States has been known for its role in different research. The era of the 1960’s proved to bring some interesting practices in society. It was a time that curiosity found its way into science, psychotherapy, and experimental social pleasure. The 1960’s the United States saw the government; specifically the CIA conduct experiments on the hallucinogenic drug, LSD. They used a host of individuals from the military to the mentally ill. In an effort to justify the experiments they relied on earlier research and the potential for military warfare. Researchers did not inform participates of the fact that they were taking LSD. To add to the lack of honesty and integrity they were not aware it would expose their gametes to possible damage. Researchers also used information of participates data forms to track individuals thought to be dissident during a period of wars. After all the experiments and chances taken by research subjects; they compromised lives and future generation and made LSD illegal in the latter 1960’s. Final Assessment 2 1. To what extent did the government have an obligation to inform the research subjects of possible genetic damage to their future...
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...Our findings show that people in our study were far less likely to conform than we had originally expected. There are a few key reasons why we may not have seen as much conformity as Asch’s original experiment. Firstly, in our current society, originality and individualism are more valued. These have become an important trait that people value. Between the 1960’s and 2011, individualistic practices and values have increased 12 percent around the globe. In specific, the Western nations have been moving away from ideas that emphasize families values and fitting in, and moving towards more individualistic values such as personal choice, self-expression and independence (DePaulo). In school, we are taught to be confident in our answers, despite...
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...Demography Population growth * Demography: is the study of population, including factors affecting its size and growth * Whether a population is growing, declining or stable is affected by four factors: * Births and Immigration increases the population * Deaths and Emigration decreases the population • Natural change: is the number of births minus the number of deaths • Net migration: is the number immigrating into country minus the number emigrating from it • The UK’s population grew from 37mil in 1901 to 61mil today and should reach 71mil by 2031 • Growth has been mostly due to natural change rather than net migration Births There are two measures of births 1. Birth rate 2. Total fertility rate The birth rate • The birth rate: is the number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year • There has been a long-term decline in the birth rate • In 1900, it was almost 29 • By 2007, it had fallen by more than 60%, to under 11 • But there have been fluctuations • There were 3 ‘baby booms’: 1 after each war and another in the 1960’s • The rate fell sharply in the 1970’s, rose during the 1980’s and early 1990’s, and then fell until the recent increase since 2001 The total fertility rate • The total fertility rate: is the average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years (aged 15-44) • In the 1960’s baby boom, it reached an average of 2.95 children per woman, declining to an all-time low of 1.63...
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...Ramisa Mehjabeen 766986 Mr.Seravalle Part 4 “On the road” by Jack Kerouac describes the huge cultural change, which began to take form in America during the 1960’s. The American pop culture included entertainment, music and sports. It was distributed across many forms of mass communication including newspaper magazines, television. Kerouac found the energy and excitement of jazz to be particularly inspiring. Beat Generation in the 1950s marked the beginnings of a major cultural turning point in the United States. Jack Kerouac dominated the literature world with a new sense of adventure during the counterculture movement of the 1960s.No author described the connection between jazz and the beat movement better than Jack Kerouac. On...
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...Claudia Acuna Unit Summary – Module 6 The Twentieth Century 15 points Please complete each question as thoroughly as possible and submit to your professor by the due date. This summary will function as a one of the study guides for the final exam; it is very important that the information is complete and correct. 1. What are the sources of inspiration for 20th century music? (.7 point) Composers of the 20th century drew inspiration from an enormous variety of sources, including folk and popular music; music of Asia, Africa, and Latin America; and European art music from the Middle Ages through the 19th century. Many composers reacted to the influences of Post-Romantic and Impressionist styles and wrote works from it. 2. Name and describe the characteristics of twentieth-century music before 1945; for full credit include information on tone color, harmony, alternatives to the traditional tonal system, rhythm, and melody. (2 points) Tone color became a crucial element creating variety, continuity, and mood. New sounds on old instruments and uncommon playing techniques became the norm. Percussion instruments became prominent and numerous, reflecting the interest in unusual rhythms and tone colors. Harmony brought changes to in the way chords were treated. The traditional relationship between consonance and dissonance was challenged. New chord structures were created such as the polychord, the fourth chord, and the tone...
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...The term French New Wave is also known as La Nouvelle Vague. It refers to the work of a group of French film-makers between the years 1958 to 1964. The film directors who formed the core of this group are François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rivette and Eric Rohmer. They all where once film critics for the magazine Cahiers du Cinéma. Other French directors, including Agnés Varda and Louis Malle, soon became associated with the French New Wave movement. They momentarily transformed French cinema and had a great impact on filmmakers throughout the world. During the late 1950s and early 1960s young film-makers in many countries were creating their own "new waves", but the new wave movement in France turned out to be the most influential. The French New Wave directors' background in film theory and criticism was a major factor in this. They changed notions of how a film could be made and were driven by a desire to forge a new cinema.The term ‘New Wave’ was coined by a journalist named Françoise Giroud who, in late 1957, wrote a series of articles on French youth for the weekly news magazine L’Express. The Cahiers du Cinéma critics were highly critical of the glossy, formulaic and studio-bound French cinema of the 1940s and 1950s, but praised the work of 1930s French film-makers Jean Renoir and Jean Vigo and the work of the Italian neo-realists, including Roberto Rossellini and Vittorio De Sica. They also championed certain Hollywood directors, for example...
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