...EN110 Achieving Academic Excellence Assignment 02 EN110 Achieving Academic Excellence 25 Ways to Get the Most Out of Now There are several time management techniques to help a person get the most out of now. The following ten methods are what I feel to be most beneficial: 1. Be aware of your best time of day. Being aware of the best time of day to study is especially beneficial to me because throughout the years, I have learned that no matter how hard I try I cannot study late at night – least wise not effectively. I know I am simply a morning student. Knowing when you are most productive helps to schedule your day and also reduces the guilty feeling of “slow” periods because you have planned for them. 2. Learn to say no. In the beginning of my studies, learning to say no was an easy task for me. I was excited about class and I wanted to succeed. As school continued, I found it harder to say no because I was nervous friends and family would begin to think I was “giving them excuses.” I learned an effective way to communicate my needs with them, and soon “saying no” was a perfectly acceptable and efficient response for both parties. 3. Avoid noise distractions. Avoiding noise distractions is an area that requires the most focus for me. I cannot study or work when I have background noise. Knowing this helps to plan my activities throughout the day so I can be the most productive and not back track my efforts constantly. 4. Ask: Would I pay myself for...
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..................................... 2 A Sample Design...................................................................................................................................3 Deciding if Frame Relay is Right for the Network.................................................................................... 4 Advantages of Frame Relay...................................................................................................................4 Disadvantages of Frame Relay.............................................................................................................. 5 Alternatives to Frame Relay.................................................................................................................. 6 X.25.................................................................................................................................................. 6...
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...instead of the one wire used in serial transmissions. Kudler Fine Foods Network Overview Introduction One of the considered “best fine food stores” around is the Kudler FineFoods. However, Kudler is in serious need of a network infrastructure upgradeof their old one. To introduce the latest technologies in data collection; company communication; and information protection while providing the bestdata speeds and network access; are the main goals of the enterprisenetwork. This huge step is significant as this will increase the revenue and willreduce the costs of operation throughout the Kudler Fine Foods stores. KudlerFine Foods will go back up to technological speed as the network upgrade iscompleted, while at the same time improving the way they keep track of inventory and sales by using data mining techniques, which will be collectedand analyzed in real time. Network Overview The review of the...
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...The four major protocols for circuit switching and packet switching are as follows: • X.25 • Frame Relay • ATM or Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol • TCP/IP X.25 is probably one of the very first of packet switching protocols. It performs really well, especially considering how long it has been around. X.25 uses a virtual circuit approach, mainly using POTS or plain old telephone service lines, which are different from lines such as ISDN. The POTS lines are analog copper lines, so they can experience a lot of errors. But, once the lines have been connected, X.25 connections are really reliable. It's quite an efficient way to send packets across various data networks, with the X.25 protocol redundant error checking at each of the nodes. Frame relay is different because it doesn't require the need for analog wires or overhead wires like X.25 does. But this means that Frame Relay doesn't have the added framing and processing that X.25 has that provide guaranteed data transfers. It also doesn't have link to link reliability. So if a frame is corrupted, it is discarded, which is different than TCP as it detects and recovers any and all discarded frames. Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol is used with either a coaxial cable, twisted pair, or fiber. ATM also takes advantage of a 53-btye cell, having 48 application bytes and 5 bytes are allocated for the ATM headers. ATM shows a lot more enhancements over Frame Relay...
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...What's the best WAN connection type for you? 14Comments more + * Email * Print * Add to Favorites * Del.icio.us * Digg * Hacker News * LinkedIn * Reddit * Technorati By Warren Heaton August 16, 2000, 7:00am PDT When designing a wide area network (WAN), one of the most challenging issues is choosing the correct connection type. You need to consider several factors before implementation can begin—and a solid understanding of all the connection types is critical to making the right choice. Most carriers offer three connection types: 1. Circuit-switched connections 2. Packet-switched or cell-switched connections 3. Dedicated connections Each type of connection has its advantages and disadvantages. This article will summarize what each connection type has to offer, with consideration given to bandwidth, availability, cost, and ease of management. Circuit-switched connections Circuit-switched connections are currently the most popular type of WAN connection. Circuit switching transmits data streams and datagrams across dedicated physical circuits. To provide asynchronous dial-in and ISDN services, the telephone companies use circuit switching. Asynchronous dial-in The public switched telephone network (PSTN) uses circuit-switched technology to provide asynchronous services (otherwise known as normal telephone service). Asynchronous dial-in connections offer a low-bandwidth, easily managed, cost-effective solution that...
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...dedicated for use by the one customer that ordered the circuit. Also known as a leased line, leased circuit, and point-to-point line Circuit switching- The overall process by which a series of telco devices called circuit switches connect a circuit from one customer device to the other, with the device’s logic taking incoming bits on one segment in the link and forwarding those bits out the matching outgoing segment, without storing the bits Packet switching- the process of forwarding customer data in a WAN by looking at the header of the messages sent into the WAN by the customer and making a per-message decision as to where to forward each message. Leased line- A physical link between two locations, provided by a telco, that allows two-way communication between sites. Because the customer does not own the physical line between sites, but rather pays a monthly fee for the service, it is called a leased service or leased line. Also known as a dedicated circuit, leased circuit, and point-to-point line Time-division Multiplexing- A type of logic used by some networking devices, including circuit switches in the telco, in which the switch divides a faster- speed line into time channels. The TDM logic takes the bits off slower-speed lines and forwards those bits inside...
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...Некоммерческое Акционерное Общество АЛМАТИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ Кафедра иностранных языков СЕМЕСТРОВАЯ РАБОТА №2 По дисциплине: «Английский язык» Технический перевод Специальность: 6M071900 – Радиотехника электроника и телекоммуникации Выполнила: Шаймагамбетова А.А. № з. к.: 12М3068 Группа СССп-12-01 Проверила: Бухина С.Б. __________________________ «_____»_________________________2012 год Алматы 2012 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 1 Annotation 3 2 PACKET SWITCHING 3 3 КОММУТАЦИЯ ПАКЕТОВ 6 ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ 10 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 11 Annotation This text describes packet switching, its modes and history. The main topic of this text is how packet switching works. Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called packets. The concept of switching small blocks of data was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s. Independently, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK had developed the same ideas a few years. Two major packet switching modes exist; (1) connectionless packet switching, also known as datagram switching...
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...Protocol Choices April 28, 2013 Team 5 (John Castro, Ruben Barragan, Teri Jordin, Saul Nolasco) There are many choices to make when you are deciding how your network will communicate with each other. There are a lot of protocols to take into consideration that will help make this possible. We have decided that for our WAN protocols, we will go with using frame relay. We will explain why we have chosen to go with frame relay, but first we will explain why the other choices are did not fit our needs at ABC company. HDLC is one of the protocols that we had a hard time coming to a conclusion with. It is a very good protocol and could have done well for the ABC Company but there are a few things that come with HDLC that made us come to the final decision of why not to use it. First of all, HDLC is a type of point-to-point protocol, which means that it costs a lot more money to have. The reason why it will cost more is because this means that every different branch has to be connected to each other. Almost like in a mesh topology form and that is wasting a lot of money there. PPP is the other protocol that we had a hard time deciding whether or not we were going to use over the other two. PPP is another point-to-point protocol that networks use in order to be able to communicate with each other. As a matter of fact, PPP is an acronym for point-to-point protocol. Once again, we have decided that PPP will waste too much money because every branch will need to...
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...Chapter 1 Data Communications Introduction 1 Chapter Objectives: Defined data communications Introduced data communications needs Communications model Overview of networks Introduce Internet 2 Data, Data Communication Data is an entity that convey some meaning based on some mutually agreed upon rules/conventions between a sender and a receiver. Data Communication deals with the transmission of signals in a reliable and efficient manner 3 Data Communication Topics covered include: Signal Transmission Transmission Media Signal Encoding Interfacing Data link control Multiplexing 4 Computer Science and Data Communications Merger In 1970s and 1980s The computer communications revolution has produced several remarkable facts. There is no fundamental difference between data processing (computers) and data communications (transmission and switching equipment). There is no fundamental difference among data, voice, and video communications. The distinction among single processor computer, multiprocessor computer, local network, metropolitan network, and long-haul network has blurred. 5 Today’s Trends Three different forces have consistently driven the architecture and evolution of data communications and networking facilities: Traffic growth Development of new services Advances in technology 6 Communication Traffic Both local (within a building or building complex) and Long distance having transmission of Voice, video and data The increased emphasis on office automation...
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...X.25 Protocol A history of the X.25 Protocol Tim Elliott Morrisville State College Abstract X.25 is a Wide Area Network standard suite of protocols for packet switching developed by the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector in the early 1970’s. It was designed to support traditional data networking over telephone wiring. Though widely used in the 1980’s, it has been largely replaced by newer IP standards such as frame relay. The purpose of this protocol is to effectively transmit data between different types of systems across a public data network. The main communication groups that ran this form of packet-switched network were the telephone companies but as technology has moved away from these slower forms, the public sector has seen this all but disappear in America. It should be said though that many places around the world still use this because of the cost to upgrade to newer hardware, but that market segment is shrinking quickly. A history of the X.25 Protocol In this paper, I will be talking about many of the technical aspects, the history and some of the situations where the X.25 protocol is still in use today. In Section 1, I will talk about where it fits on the OSI layered architecture and discuss the Network and Data Link layer. In Section 2, I will describe some of the common equipment that this protocol used with the Physical Layer of the OSI model. In Section 3 I will discuss some of the problems that have been...
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...Protocol Paper NTC/362 Fundamentals of Networking Protocol Paper Introduction Switching, whether it is packet or circuit, is an essential portion of any network. By not using the right equipment, or using it properly, you can cause massive lag time or jitter within your own system. This will result in packet collision, loss of data, and could result in loss of business. Open Systems Interconnection Protocol Model In order for two computers to be able to interchange data and information, they first must establish communicate with each other. Protocols allow for this communication to take place (Goleniewski). The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model gives a logical design that is used for communication between systems. The OSI Model is layered with seven subcomponents: Application (7), Presentation (6), Session (5), Transport (4), Network (3), Data Link (2) and Physical (1). Each one of these layers presents a collection of services. These services are provided to the layers that are above and below that specific layer. In addition to these, the OSI Model also details the transfer of computer packets using layer protocols (Goleniewski). The Application layer has the role of maintaining the exchange of information between a computer’s programs and services on the network. The Presentation layer makes it possible for software applications to read information by formatting it. Support for connections between sessions is handled through the Session layer. It...
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...Part 1: Defend the AECL In the late 1900s, cancer treatment was reaching a whole new level with the Therac versions of radiation machines. These machines were able to target fast growing cancer cells and destroy them with x-rays and electromagnetic rays. Each new version of the machine contained major improvements for cancer treatments. However, with the release of the Therac-25 version came issues of over-exposure to radiation and deaths for already suffering cancer patients. There has since been a big debate about who is liable in the situation – The AECL, the hospitals, the operators, or the FDA. There are many reasons that the AECL, the creators of the Therac-25 machine, should not be liable for the injuries and deaths caused by the machines. First of all, consider the purpose of a person who works for a company or corporation. That is, to create and sell products that help the company make as much money as possible. The success or failure of that company depends on whether or not the products sell. Therefore, if a company produces a bad, unethical, or unsafe product, it is the job of the consumers to do their research and not purchase the product. It’s simple: if consumers don’t buy bad products, the company won’t be successful and continue selling them. The AECL did their job, which was to create a product that customers wanted to buy. The second reason the AECL should not be liable is because they met all of the requirements of the third party company whose job was...
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...Part-1 1. What are common carriers, local exchange carriers, and interexchange carriers? A common carrier is a private company that sells or leases communication services and facilities to the public. Common carriers are profit-oriented, and their primary products are services for voice and data transmissions, both over traditional wired circuits as well as cellular services. Common carriers often supply a broad range of computer-based services, such as the manufacturing and marketing of specialized communication hardware and software. A common carrier that provides local telephone services (e.g., BellSouth) is commonly called a local exchange carrier (LEC), while one that provides long distance services (e.g., MCI) is commonly called an interexchange carrier (IXC). As the LECs move into the long distance market and IXCs move into the local telephone market, this distinction may disappear. 3. Explain how cloud architecture works. Cloud architecture is represented as a cloud with connection points. Users of circuit switched services lease the connection points (e.g., telephone lines) into the common carrier’s network, which is called the cloud. This architecture is very flexible and hides its internal details. Circuits can be established as needed between any computers attached to the cloud at any point. However, data can only be transmitted while a circuit is established, and only to the one location it connects to. These designs are simpler for...
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...Cisco Network Solutions for the Telco DCN: SONET/SDH OSI Environments This document is directed to competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs), incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs), and Post, Telephone and Telegraphs (PTTs), collectively referred to as telcos (short for telephone companies). This document describes Cisco network solutions for transporting data between Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and the Operations Support System (OSS) in a telco data communications network (DCN). The DCN transports network management traffic between network elements and their respective OSS, making them a vital link between the service network and the network operations center (NOC). The solutions presented in this document will help telcos connect their SONET/SDH network elements to a router-based network using the Open System Interconnection (OSI) protocol, which simplifies the DCN and reduces equipment costs. Version History Version Number 1 Date April 28, 2004 Notes This document was created as a joint effort between Don Schriner in the Cisco CTO Consulting Engineering Group and Alliene Turner in Cisco IOS Documentation. This document was updated. This document was updated. 2 3 May 6, 2005 January 3, 2008 Contents The document presents the recommended Cisco architecture for building the OSI network. Several methods for implementing and scaling an OSI network are included with detailed configuration examples. Specific...
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...Jun-10 Nov-10 Sep-11 Feb-12 Apr-11 Jul-12 Dec-12 IN FOCUS February 21, 2013 Economics Why Gold’s Lustre Will Fade by Avery Shenfeld and Emanuella Enenajor Avery Shenfeld It’s been a glorious run. The gold price climbed by nearly 500% from 2002 to Chart 1 Global Inflation Fears Overrated (416) 594-7356 avery.shenfeld@cibc.ca present, making it one of the best performing asset classes. But already, many of the forces 8% Inflation Rate* Benjamin Tal (416) 956-3698 benjamin.tal@cibc.ca Peter Buchanan (416) 594-7354 peter.buchanan@cibc.ca Warren Lovely that made the yellow metal so attractive look to be turning over, and expectations for other supportive factors are overdone. Gold will have its day in the sun at other points down the road, but the clouds on the horizon could portend still lower gold prices over the next couple of years. 6% 4% 2% 0% BRIC G7 + Eurozone (416) 594-8041 warren.lovely@cibc.ca Emanuella Enenajor (416) 956-6527 emanuella.enenajor@cibc.ca Andrew Grantham (416) 956-3219 andrew.grantham@cibc.ca “text text text” The Money Myth Gold’s allure has typically rested on two concerns about the alternative asset: money. Either inflation alone, or in concert with a steep currency depreciation, is seen as a reason for holding gold rather than the most prominent alternative, the US dollar. In terms of current inflation, it’s hard to see what anyone would be worried about...
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