...Paper #1 3 June 2014 Understanding Virtues Virtues are important traits and morals for each person to learn. It means a behavior showing high moral standards. The essay by Kwame Anthony Appiah approaches the topic of ethical behavior with this sentence “Does the virtuous act make the agent virtuous or does the virtuous agent make the act virtuous?” He points out it is difficult to evaluate a situation and decide if it was the individual or the action that improved the circumstances. Humans are known for their flawed nature for a reason as Appiah points out “[the] Playful man. . . angry man. . . serious man. . . same fellow, different situations.” There are morals for each person, they can follow some and not the other but they are all important morals in the end. (Appiah 401) Humans will not always address situations of ethical dilemma with the same matter or approach. For example, external factors like hunger level, fatigue and stress will influence a person’s response to a certain or particular situation. Given a different day and time that same individual may react quite differently because of their feelings. Everybody can relate. I also notice many actions that I may do resulting in this matter without realizing it. It’s from our human tendencies to respond to different scenarios with a moral dilemma. Through our actions and experiences, a character is created. In the essay by Appiah, he explains the differences between situational ethics and virtue ethics. Situational...
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...1.In your own words describe what a virtue is. What is the opposite of a virtue? A virtue is a ideas that a person possesses that show high moral standards, or good habits. People who have virtue try to live lives without mistakes. The opposite of a virtue would be imperfection. 2.Franklin believes human beings can arrive at moral perfection. How does he explain his belief? Does it seem reasonable. He explains that moral perfection can be achieved if you follow his simple plan daily. His plan is that he takes his 13 virtues and he uses them to make weekly chart he will then develop one virtue every week so eventually he will perfect them all. This plan dose seem reasonable to me becouse its a slow process and anyone can achive anything with time. 3.provide a sketch of the chart franklin kept with him in order to track his moral development. 4.List the 13 virtues. Rewrite the description of each in your own words and then explain which you feel is the most important, which do you feel is the least important and why? 1. Temperance- do not overindulge on items 2. Silence.- stay out of people's business to better yourself 3. Order.- its good to stay organised with your stuff and your time. 4. Resolution.- think how to fix your problems before you act on them 5. Frugality.- don't waste things 6. Industry- don't waste time on meaningless thing, spend every moment doing something useful like learning or helping other 7. Sincerity.only speak the truth unless it could...
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...The Moral Virtues Once the various faculties of the soul are rectified in regard to the supernatural order through the theological virtues, it is necessary to rectify them in regard to the means for attaining that end. This is the role of the moral virtues. As we have already mentioned, it is impossible to enumerate all the moral virtues, since there can be a virtue wherever there can be a morally good habit regarding a given area of human activity, and human activities are multiple. However, theologians generally group the moral virtues around the basic cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. Prudence The first of the four cardinal virtues and the most important as a fulcrum for all the other moral virtues is prudence. It is a special virtue infused by God into the practical intellect for the right government of one's actions in view of the supernatural end. Prudence is the most necessary of all the moral virtues because its function is precisely to point out and command the just mean or measure in regard to any and all human actions. It enables us to judge accurately what is the morally good thing to do under particular circumstances. The importance of the virtue of prudence is especially evident in certain aspects of human life. First, it helps the individual avoid sin, pointing out through experience the causes and occasions of sin as well as the opportune remedies. Secondly, it contributes to the increase and growth of virtue, judging in...
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...ultimately it serves as the purpose of life. In order to accomplish happiness, virtue ethics play an important role. For Aristotle, it does not mean that people should act because it is morally right, instead, the end of happiness should justify the way of getting to the end. As humans are prone to extremes, either deficit or extreme, it is important for them to find the balance between two. In Nicomachean Ethics Book 1, Aristotle started off the book with that every human action is in pursuit to a goal or purpose and the ultimate ends are good in the sense of doing good things “…is thought to aim at some good” (NE I, 1) he also proclaimed that the master “good” exists for people to desire for its own sake or else all human would not be pursuing anything. “… the ends of master arts are to be preferred to all the subordinate ends.” (NE I, 1) to have a better understanding for master good, political science is the best field where it should be left out for the experienced as immature are susceptible to a notion “a young man is not a proper hearer of lectures on political science.” (NE I, 3) Moreover, he explained that there are 3 ways of life that associated with happiness which are pleasure, politics and contemplation. Aristotle discarded life of pleasure as the pursuit of pleasure only makes them one step higher than animals. He also declined the life of politics for the reason that possessing honor and virtue does not necessarily make men happy because it does not impact other people’s...
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...Course Code: GNED 212-087 Techy, Society, Ethics and Environment Name of Assignment: Philosophical Model Prepared for: Professor Rosina Agyepong Prepared by: Zubair Hashmi Due Date: Oct 01, 2014 Introduction: What is Philosophical Model? A model is considered to be a representation of some object, behaviour, or system that one wants to understand. The Philosophical model is based on these theories of ethics, * Utilitarianism * Virtue Ethics * Deontology * Natural Law Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are the most important utilitarians. Their theory has had an important impact on philosophical work in moral theory and on approaches to economic, political and social policy Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. Like other form of Consequentialism, it core idea is that whether actions are morally right or wrong depends on their effects. More, specifically, the only effects of actions that are relevant are the good and bad results that they produce. A key point in utilitarianism concerns the distinction between individual actions and types of actions. Utilitarianism believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the amount of good things, (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the amount of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness). Utilitarianism thinks that what makes a morality be true or justifiable is its positive contribution to human...
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...Ethics and ethical theories: a road map for teaching ethics in business schools Joan Fontrodona (IESE Business School, Spain), Manuel Guillén (University of Valencia, Spain), and Alfredo Rodríguez-Sedano (University of Navarre, Spain) Introduction A three-dimensional framework to explain ethical theories Ethical approaches of business firms Teaching ethics experiences using this framework Discussion of the teaching experiences Conclusions References 1 2 6 9 10 12 13 Introduction This paper tries to contribute, in some way, to the urgent need recently warned by Benedict XVI: “the university, for its part, must never lose sight of its particular calling to be a "universitas" in which the various disciplines, each in its own way, are seen as part of a greater unum. How urgent is the need to rediscover the unity of knowledge and to counter the tendency to fragmentation and lack of communicability that is all too often the case in our schools!”1 This seems to be a challenge for both, Catholic and non-Catholic universities. The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical framework that helps to conceptualize ethics and to clarify the characteristics and limits of the different ethical theories. In other words, students without philosophical background will find here a synthetic “road map” of ethical approaches. This framework has been previously published in a book in Spain2. In this paper, authors will describe the model and discuss how it has been successfully tested...
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...Virtue Not Included Religion is a very important aspect in the lives of many people. Wars have been fought over religion, families have been torn apart or brought together, and lives have been lost to it and dedicated to it. It is often stereotyped that a religious person is also a virtuous person or that religion is a precedent to morality. It is then further stereotyped that religion endows a community with a sense of right and wrong or good and bad. In an article from the Psychological Bulletin it is stated, “The notion that religion is a precondition for morality is widespread and deeply ingrained.” This notion is presented in a variety of mediums as is likewise refuted in a variety of mediums. One example is Catherine Marie Sedgwick’s...
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...THE GOOD LIFE Lessons from Ben Franklin’s 13 Virtues WHY THIS TOPIC? ● ● Ben Franklin created these 13 virtues at the age of 20 (!) and practiced them most of his life. He focused on one per week I love the diversity and simplicity of his virtues. They cover large and small aspects of the good life :) WHO’S THE AUTHOR? Franklin is a fascinating historical figure: a Founding Father and Renaissance Man (scientist, journalist, businessman, statesman), he was well-respected and enormously influential in his time; his writings, teachings, and discoveries deeply improved our lives. WHAT’S IT ABOUT? Franklin always carried a booklet with these 13 virtues. Each time he disobeyed a virtue, he’d mark it in his booklet. Since he focused on one virtue per week, he’d complete 4 cycles each year (13 virtues, 52 weeks). Here’s my (loose) interpretation of his virtues: 1. Temperance. Don't overeat or overdrink 2. Silence. Speak only when you have something good to say 3. Order. Organize your life; pay attention to ALL aspects of your work 4. Resolution. Always do what you say you'll do 5. Frugality. Spend little and spend wisely 6. Industry. Use your time wisely; stop doing wasteful things 7. Sincerity. Don't lie; be honest and fair 8. Justice. Don't harm others or ignore your obligations to them 9. Moderation. Avoid extremes; don't hold grudges 10. Cleanliness. Regularly clean your body, your clothes, and your home 11. Tranquillity. Don't get upset at small or...
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...Unlike utilitarianism, which focuses on the consequences of an action, and deontological ethics, which focuses on moral rules; virtue ethics focuses on doing something simply because it’s the right thing to do based on established virtues. Aristotle (Irbe, 2000) listed several virtues and vices that correspond to different “actions” or “feelings”. Each virtue has two corresponding vices that accompany it, one of the vices occurs when there is an excess of the virtue, and the other occurs when the virtue is deficient. The feeling associated with modesty is shame. If there is too much shame, it would be shyness; however not enough shame would be shamelessness. Virtue ethics focuses on choices that an individual should make based on morals that hold true regardless of the laws and customs of a person’s specific culture. Essentially everyone should be held accountable to the same virtues even if local laws and customs allow the behavior. One should apply virtue ethics to both their personal lives as well as their professional lives. In the 1990’s major concerns were exposed in the manufacturing community about working conditions in factories located in third-world countries (Sethi, Veral, Shapiro, & Emelianova, 2010). Major pressure was then placed on numerous manufacturing companies in an attempt to force them to change their practices and improve working conditions in their factories. While it is the goal of every company to continually increase profits, a company should...
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...Virtue ethics is individual-based rather than action based. It can be defined as theories that highlight the functions of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than performing a duty or an action in order to yield good consequences. In other words, it observes the virtue or moral characteristics of a person performing an action, rather than the ethical rules or consequences or ramification of such actions. In that way, virtue ethics examines the entirety of a person's life, rather than particular actions or episodes. It recommends that one of the best ways to build a good society is to assist its members to be good people, instead of using laws and retributive justice to prevent or discourage bad actions. It is an advantageous theory since human beings are sometimes more interested in evaluating the character of another person than they are in evaluating the’ goodness or badness’ of a particular action; thereby focusing on how to adopt certain...
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...Ethics ETH/316 University of Phoenix December 1, 2011 Ethics Ethical development is an important tool needed in today’s society. In this paper, the topic will discuss the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. In addition this papers topic will address how each theory addresses ethics and morality in relation to the authors’ personal experiences with virtue, values, and moral concepts. Similarities and Differences in Ethics Theories To understand the similarities between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics the first order is to define the meaning of each. According to Boylan (2009), virtue theory has a definition of cultivating excellence in life and constituting an aspect of the “good person” (Boylan, 2009). Utilitarianism according to Boylan (2009),” is a theory that suggests that an action is morally right when that action produces more total utility for the group than any other alternative” (p. 153). Deontological ethics have a definition as an analysis of reason, this analysis position decisions based for the morally justified good. The similarities between the three theories represent the good in people and how they strive for excellence and justified good. The differences in the three theories begin with the ethics and morality. Virtue theory describes a person’s character, cultivating “excellence in all we do” (Boylan, 2009, p. 43). Striving for excellence can be challenging at times by...
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...Introduction This paper explores three philosophical issues. The concepts examined are personal identity, virtue ethics, and ethical relativism. A personal philosophy in relation to each concept is identified and described. In conclusion, philosophical findings are incorporated into a personal view on the ultimate meaning of life. Philosophical Issues Personal Identity Personal identity of the most basic nature is “what makes one the person one is” (Olson, 2010). This basic nature then leads to the complexities of personal identity. Complexities include questions such as: * Who am I? * What is it to be a person? * What does it take for a person to persist from one time to another – that is, for the same person to exist at different times? * How do we find out who is who? * What am I? * How could I have been? * How different could I have been from the way I actually am? (2010) These questions are crucial to discovering self-purpose of life. Hume’s philosophy is that personal identity is “nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions” and “too inconstant” (n.d.). Several philosophers disagree, arguing that “when the soul and the body are united, then nature orders the soul to rule and govern, and the body to obey and serve” (Chaffee, 2011, p. 91). There are many theories of philosophy pertaining to personal identity and social identity. In most cases, the compulsion to rationalize identity by understanding and knowing who...
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...The Identification and Categorization of Auditors' Virtues Author(s): Theresa Libby and Linda Thorne Source: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3, Accounting Ethics (Jul., 2004), pp. 479-498 Published by: Philosophy Documentation Center Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3857741 . Accessed: 08/02/2015 09:11 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Philosophy Documentation Center is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Business Ethics Quarterly. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 176.24.148.150 on Sun, 8 Feb 2015 09:11:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THEIDENTIFICATION CATEGORIZATION AND OF AUDITORS' VIRTUES Theresa LibbyandLinda Thorne paper, we develop a typology of auditors' virtues throughin-depth interviewswith nine exemplarsof the audit community.We comparethis typology with prescribed auditors'virtues as represented in the applicable Code of ProfessionalConduct.Our comparisonshows that the Cocleplaces a primary emphasis...
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...CHAPTER 2 – Ethical Decision Making Model Objectives: * To know the definition of Ethics, * To discuss Principles of Ethical Conduct * To identify the Ideas organizing Principle of Ethics * To provide a systematic way of making ethical decision. * To encourage, motivate you to think about Ethical Decision you make. Meaning of Ethics Ethics: * Ethics provides a set of standards for behavior that helps us decide how we ought to act in a range of situations. In a sense, we can say that ethics is all about making choices, and about providing reasons why we should make these choices. moving from a primary focus on teaching employees to master the knowledge, skills, and job behaviors and apply them to the day-to-day activities (Making Choices: Ethical Decisions at the Frontier of Global Science) * Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single "moral" course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. * The terms "ethics" and "values" are not interchangeable. Ethics is concerned with how a moral person should behave, whereas values are the inner judgments that determine how a person actually behaves. Values concern ethics when they pertain to beliefs about what is right and wrong. Most values, however, have nothing to do with ethics. For instance, the desire for health and wealth are values, but not ethical values. (www.josephsoninstitute...
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...Similarities and Differences in Virtue Theory, Utilitarianism, and Deontological Ethics This document will discuss the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. A persons ethical and social responsibility is very important to their personal and business success. Unfortunately, it is difficult to identify and classify what is ethical and moral. I will also provide a personal example of one of the ethical behavior. The first question you must ask yourself is what are the meaning of Virtue Theory, utilitarianism, and Deontological. According to the Webster Dictionary; Virtue- normally good behavior or character, a good moral quality, or the good result that comes from somerthing. Now what does that mean in laymens term, After reviewing the technical and professional expernatiation When talking about ethics it is hard to distinguish between ethics and morality. It is also hard to distinguish exactly what realm of ethics contributes to my everyday decisions. Ethics can be defined as “well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues [and] ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards” (Andre, Shanks, & Velasquez, 2010, para. 8-9). According to Psychology Today (2013) morality is, “ethics, evil, greed, sin, and conscience” (para. 1). “Morals can vary from person to person...
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