Feed additives

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON FEDDSTUFFS Feed is any edible material eaten by an animal as part of its daily ration. Its basic chemistry is composed of substances called nutrients. It is group into different classifications based on the following standards: 1. Concentration of digestible nutrients 2. Additive or supplemental effect 3. Use or utilization 4. Origin of source

1. Based on Origin or Source a. Plant origin or source. Majority of feeds for livestock and poultry come from plants. Animals particularly ruminants – and other herbivores subsist on feeds of purely plant origin. Common examples of feeds from plants are grass and legume forages, leaf meals, cereal meals, cereal grains and their products/by – products , seeds and seed oil meals/cakes, tubers, roots, straws, fodder, stover, hays, silages, silage and molasses. b. Animal origin or source. Most protein – rich feedstuffs come from animal tissues, and contain high levels of essential amino acids and minerals particularly calcium and phosphorus. Feeds of animal origin are classified based on the following sub – classifications: * Animal tissues are processed from muscles, bone and blood tissues. Meat meal, meat scraps, tankage, meat and bone meal, and blood meal are common examples. * Milk and milk products/by products are feeds that are high in protein and minerals. Dried skimmed milk, dried condense milk, buttermilk butterfat, and dried whey are some good examples. * Aquatic or marine feedstuffs are composed from aquatic or marine animals like fishes, oyster, and marine or aquatic crustaceans. Fishmeal, shrimp meal, crab meal, ground oyster shell, cod liver oil, whale fat and oil are common examples. * Avian feedstuffs are those that are derived from avian species. Most common examples are hydrolyzed feather meal, dried manure, and rendered/processed inedible poultry tissues. Rendered products are derived from the rendering industry that process inedible portions of poultry like entrails into nutritious poultry and livestock feeds.

c. Agro – industrial wastes and by- products. These are derived from by – products and wastes in agricultural and industrial establishments, which are inedible to humans. Rice straws, corn and sorghum stovers, peanut shells/hulls, rice hull and corncobs are examples of agricultural waste and by – products. d. Microbial elements. These feedstuffs include all feed materials that are derived from single cell organism like bacteria, yeast, and algae.

2. Based on Concentrations of Digestible Nutrients
According to this standards, feeds are classified as roughage and concentrate. Roughage is feed that is relatively high in fiber (> 18%) and low in total digestible nutrients (TON). On the other hand, a concentrate is low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients.

A. Roughages.
Most edible grasses and legumes fed to herbivorous animals are classified as roughage. This is broad classification, which includes forage, soilage, straw, hay, sailage, fodder, stover and stubble and other fibrous agricultural crop and industrial by – products.

Grasses and legumes cut at the proper stage of maturity and stored without damage to be used for animal feeding are referred to as forage. Soilage is fresh grass or legume cut for animal feeding while straw is a plant material dried either naturally or artificially but its flowers and fruits are removed. Dried plants with or without flowers and fruits and stored in animal feeding is termed hay. Both grass and legumes can be harvested and cured as hay, hence the terms grass and legume hay. Silage refers to forage that has been cut at proper stage of maturity, chopped with correct moisture content and stored under anaerobic conditions preferably in a silo to undergo acid fermentation retarding spoilage and facilitating preservation. Silage is used for animal feeding during periods of scarcity.

Fodder is derived from the corn plant and is usually referred to as green or dry corn stalk with or without ears set aside for animal feeding. Cured or dried corn fodder fed to animals with the ear is called shock or bundle corn. Conversely, corn stover refers to dry corm stalk without the ears for animal feeding. Stubbles refer to plant stalks without the grain or panicle, especially rice that remained in the paddies after harvest. Tethered livestock usually grazes stubbles after the harvesting of rice.

Agricultural by – products that serve as roughage or concentrate feed for animals include rice straw, corn stover, peanut vines, rice stubbles, cornhusks and cobs, bagasses, sugar cane tops. And reject bananas, and banana leaves and stalk. On the other hand, industrial by – products fed to animals as roughage include pineapple pulp from the pineapple caning industry.

B. Concentrates.
Unlike the roughages, which come mostly from plants, the concentrates are derived from plant and animal origins as well as rock phosphates and other mineral sources.

These are categorized as energy, protein and vitamin-mineral-additive concentrates.

a. Energy concentrates. These feedstuffs are rich in carbohydrates and fats, and hence, are high in energy. Plant products like cereal, roots, and tubers are rich in carbohydrates, while animal products like tallow and lard are high in fat.

1. Acidulated oil. This is produced from the acid treatment of the by – product of refining crude coconut oil.it contains a ME of 7600 kcal/kg for both poultry and swine. Acid oil is derived from the acid treatment of the by – products of refining processes of crude oil. It has (35-40%) free fatty acid and higher moisture than crude vegetable oil. 2. Banana meal is the product from chopping, drying and grinding ripe banana fruit, which may either be impeded or peeled. Unpeeled meal has metabolizable energy contents of 1600 and 1800 kcal/kg for poultry and swine, respectively. Peeled banana meal contains a ME of 2600 kcal/kg for both poultry and swine. 3. Cassava meal is produced from cassava roots. These are sliced or chopped into chips, dried and ground to meal form. It can replace corn in a mixed diet up to 50%. This replacement level is about 25-30% of the total diet. cassava meal is good source of energy with ME content of 3000 kcal/kg for swine and 2800 kcal/kg for poultry. Proper attention should be given to HCN content of this feedstuff. Cassava meal is also called gaplek. 4. Corn is the most common energy feed ingredient in the most practical rations for swine and poultry. It has ME contents of 3400 and 3300 kcal/kg for poultry and swine, respectively. Yellow corn is preferred to white corn because of its high carotene and xanthophyll contents that impart the yellow pigment in the skin of chickens and in the egg yolk. 5. Corn bran is the outer covering of the corn grain with little or none of the starchy part of the germ. It contains practically all the crude fiber of the grain. 6. Corn grit is the hard, flinty portion of the sound corn, with little or none of the bran or germ. It is the by – product in dry milling of corn. 7. Dried whey is the product resulting from the removal of water from clean, sound cheese or casein whey. This is rich in lactose and unidentified growth factors (UGH). 8. Masses is the by – product resulting from manufacture of sugar cane or sugar beets. It is rich in niacin and pantothenic acid. It is classified as watery or dilute concentrate. It has a laxative effect due to its high potassium content. 9. Oil includes both vegetable and acid oil. Crude vegetable oil extracted from the source before refining. Its contains less than 1% moisture and not more than 5% fatty acid. 10. Rice bran is pericarp or bran layer of rice. It is classified into three different grades, D1, D2, and D3. D1 is fine rice bran that contains a maximum of 7% crude fiber, D2 is coarse rice bran with a maximum of 12% crude fiber, while D3 has a maximum of more than 12% crude fiber. 11. Sorghum grains are comparable to yellow corn in term of energy value. Sorghum however, is inferior to yellow corn in term of vitamin A content because it lacks carotene or pro vitamin A. it has also a lower fat content than corn. High tanning content of this feedstuffs however limits its feeding and nutritional values. Both ME and protein (amino acid) availability decrease as tannin content increases. 12. Tallow is animal fat mostly derived from ruminants like cattle, sheep, carabao and goat. It is recovered from fat-bearing tissues through rendering. It has a very high energy value.

b. Protein Concentrates.
These feedstuffs that contain high amounts of proteinous/nitrogenous substances and amino acids. Generally, these feedstuffs contain more than 20% crude protein. Most animal and fish products and by – products are important sources of protein. Plant proteins are primarily derived from oil seed meals and cakes.
None protein Nitrogen (NPN) also serves as a nitrogen supplement for ruminants livestock. 1. Soybean oil meal is the most frequently used oil seed meal in livestock feeds. It is a by – product from the extraction of oil from soybean. It crude protein content, which ranges from 43-48% depends upon whether or not the bull is added hick to the oil extracted bean. Raw soybeans contains trypsin inhibitors but cooking or toasting before oil extraction eliminates these inhibitors, thus, improving meal quality. It could totally replace fish meal in the ration , provided supplemental methionine is added. 2. Wheat pollard contains all the by-products in the processing of wheat into flour. It has a crude protein content around 16%. 3. Copra meal is the by-product obtained after the oil is extracted from dried coconut meat. It is both an energy and protein source. It has a protein content of 18-20%, but is deficient in some amino acids. It is best to used in combination in other protein sources. It is also known as coconut oil meal. 4. Corn germ meal is a valuable nitrogenous concentrate with a protein content of 16%. It is obtained after partial extraction of corn oil from the corn grain. Availability of supply, however, is not assured due to erratic market supply. 5. Corn gluten feed consist of corn gluten meal and corn bran ground together. It a lower protein content, but higher crude fiber than corn gluten meal due to additional of corn bran. It has protein content of 17%. 6. Corn gluten meal is a by-product derived after oil and starch extraction from corn.it contains a high concentration of yellow pigment if yellow corn is used. this pigmentation is desirable for producing the desired yellow pigment in poultry products. Its protein content is 42% is fairly high, but it is low in essential amino acids arginine, lysine, threonine and tryptophan. 7. Ipil – ipil leaf meal is a very good source of plant protein and xanthophyll. the amount recommended for practical use is limited due to the presence of high amounts of a toxic substances, mimosine. Protein content ranges from approximately 22-24%. 8. Dried skin milk. This is powdered milk product derived from the removal of water from clean, sound milk. It is highly digestible, palatable and suitable for feeding young pigs weaned earlier than conventional age of wearing. It has protein content of 33% with excellent biological value. 9. Fish meal is clean, dried, ground tissues of undecomposed whole fish offish cuttings either both with or without oil extraction. Fish protein contains good balance of amino acids and unidentified growth factors (UGF). The protein content that depends upon the kind of fish from which it was made range from 45-65%. 10. Hydrolyzed feather meal is a product resulting from the treatment under pressure of clean, undecomposed feathers from slaughtered poultry. Hydrolyzed feather meal is deficient in a number of amino acids namely, lysine, Tryptophan and Histidine. 11. Blood meal is ground dried blood from slaughtered livestock.it has a CP content of approximately 80% with high lysine contents but low in isoleusine. Due to its high lysine contents, it is often used as source of this particular amino acid. 12. Meat arid bone meal is dry rendered residue of animal tissue exclusive of the hair, hoof, blood and contents of the digestive tract. The phosphorus level is reflection of the relative amount of bone to soft tissues in the products. Crude protein ranges from 45-50%. Two of the essential amino acids, i.e., methionine and tryptophan are low in meat and bones.

c. Mineral concentrates.
These feedstuffs are required for skeletal development, eggshell formation in laying bins, and other regulatory processes in the animal body.

1. Ground Limestone either ground or granulated is one of the best sources of calcium for animals. Calcium carbonate, (CaCO3) contains 33-39% calcium and less than 5% magnesium. It is used as source of calcium for laying hens. 2. Oyster shell meal contains about 35% calcium and its commonly used for top dressing or as free-choice source of calcium for laying hens. 3. Steamed bone meal generally contains about 26% calcium and 12% phosphorus. It is a good source of available calcium and phosphorus but it must be thoroughly cooked and processed to prevent the spread of disease-producing microorganism. 4. Dicaphos/Tricaphos are derived from rock phosphates. Dicaphos (DCP) contains around 22% Ca and 13% P, while Tricaphos (TCP) has 28% Ca and 13% P. rock phosphate deposits are favorable Ca and P sources provided these are deflourinated by heating. Tolerable fluorine levels should be 0.2%. 5. Monodicalcium Phosphate is processes like Dicaphos and contains 18% Ca and 20%P. 6. Sodium chloride or common table salt is essential for livestock and poultry. The amount of this mineral supplement varies from 020 t0 0.50% of the total diet depending on the salt content of oilier ingredients notably fish meal. It should be pulverized and if possible iodized, when added to mixed feed. 7. Trace mineral supplements like iron, copper, zinc, manganese selenium, iodine and cobalt, must be supplied in the form of mineral premix. This trace minerals are added in die form of soluble salts: Iron as ferrous sulfate, manganese and zinc as sulfate or oxide, copper as sulfate, selenium as sodium selenite, iodine as potassium iodine, cobalt as cobaltous chloride. All of these compounds must be of feed grade quality. Cobalt is need only for ruminants.

d. Vitamin concentrates. The vitamin requirements of animals are normally met by additions or supplementations of vitamin premixes in the usual diets. Vitamin concentrates are generally in the form of these premixes, which roxy be in combination with minerals and amino acids. These concentrates normally contain the water-soluble vitamins in synthetic forms. The fat soluble vitamins are not added to most livestock ration as these are generally stored in the body, and hence, daily supply to the animal body is not needed. Vitamin K, however, through synthesized by microorganisms in the alimentary tract, synthetic form are available for dietary use. These synthetic vitamin K preparations are menadione sodium bisulfate, menadione sodium bisulfate complex, and menadione dimethyl pyrimidinol bisulfate. These synthetic vitamin K preparations are water-soluble.
Aside from the synthetic forms, the vitamins are also exist in natural forms and are normally found in most plant and animal products. Purity of the vitamins is expressed in percent while concentration in finished feeds is expressed ppm or mg/kg.