...Minireviews Electronic Materials M. Leskelä and M. Ritala Atomic Layer Deposition Chemistry: Recent Developments and Future Challenges** Markku Leskelä* and Mikko Ritala Keywords: atomic layer deposition · microelectronics · nitrides · oxides · thin films ew materials, namely high-k (high-permittivity) dielectrics to replace SiO2, Cu to replace Al, and barrier materials for Cu, are revolutionizing modern integrated circuits. These materials must be deposited as very thin films on structured surfaces. The self-limiting growth mechanism characteristic to atomic layer deposition (ALD) facilitates the control of film thickness at the atomic level and allows deposition on large and complex surfaces. These features make ALD a very promising technique for future integrated circuits. Recent ALD research has mainly focused on materials required in microelectronics. Chemistry, in particular the selection of suitable precursor combinations, is the key issue in ALD; many interesting results have been obtained by smart chemistry. ALD is also likely to find applications in other areas, such as magnetic recording heads, optics, demanding protective coatings, and micro-electromechanical systems, provided that cost-effective processes can be found for the materials required. N 1. Introduction Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has recently received much interest as a potential deposition method for advanced thin-film structures. However, ALD had already been developed and introduced...
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...July 3, 2014 Card v. American National Property and Casualty Spencer E. Richards IN ARBITRATION * * * TRAVIS CARD, Plaintiff, v. AMERICAN NATIONAL PROPERTY AND CASUALTY, Defendant. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Deposition of: SPENCER E. RICHARDS * * * July 3, 2014 10:00 a.m. CHRISTENSEN & HYMAS 11693 South 700 East, Suite 100 Draper, Utah * * * Wade J. Van Tassell - Certified Realtime Reporter Registered Merit Reporter DepomaxMerit Litigation 801-328-1188 Wade J. Van Tassell July 3, 2014 Card v. American National Property and Casualty Spencer E. Richards Page 2 APPEARANCES For the Plaintiff: Kenneth L. Christensen Matthew Hansen Jake Lee CHRISTENSEN & HYMAS 11693 South 700 East, Suite 100 Draper, Utah 84020 For the Defendant: Sade A. Turner STRONG & HANNI 102 South 200 East, Suite 800 Salt Lake City, Utah 84111 Also Present: (Via Telephone) Dorothy Clay Sims Oregon Hunter Page 4 *** INDEX EXAMINATION By Mr. Christensen By Ms. Turner By Mr. Christensen PAGE 3 132 157 EXHIBITS No. 1 No. 2 3-19-14 Ltr, Turner to Richards 11-14-13 Deposition Transcript Excerpt 86 86 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Page 3 Uh-huh. MS. TURNER: Mr. Christensen, these are the medical records because we didn't print them all out. MR. CHRISTENSEN: I figured. And you had sent me those, but I appreciate you bringing them. We might open them up and refer to them, actually. Q. Did you happen to have in your file your billing for your...
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...California Institute of Technology Physics 77 Vacuum Techniques and Thin Film Deposition Experiment 3 (October 2001) 1 Introduction Much of modern experimental physics is done under vacuum. Design and construction of vacuum apparatus is one of the most useful ”bread and butter” skills an experimentalist in condensed matter, atomic, or optical physics can have, and the subject of vacuum engineering is a vast one. This lab serves as an introduction to basic vacuum techniques and thin film growth, another often essential skill for condensed matter physicists. This lab is an optional prerequisite for Experiment 10, Condensed Matter Physics at Cryogenic Temperatures, for which you can grow your own samples for Weak Localization measurements if you choose. 2 Pressure and gas flow In vacuum work, pressures are almost always measured in millimeters of mercury, or torr. One torr is just the pressure necessary to support a column of mercury with a height of one millimeter. The conversion to units more familiar to readers of physics textbooks is 1atmosphere = 101kPa = 760torr There are two pressure regimes of interest to the scientist working with vacuum systems, and gases behave differently in each regime. The first, the viscous flow regime, describes the case where gas flows as a fluid, where the mean free path of the gas molecules is much smaller than the dimensions of the apparatus. The second, the molecular flow regime, describes the high-vacuum case, where the mean...
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...Microsoft and Google enabled their hardware to perform 3d scanning, a great example is Microsoft’s Kinect. This is a clear sign that future hand-held devices like smartphones will have integrated 3d scanners. Digitizing real objects into 3d models will become as easy as taking a picture. Prices of 3d scanners range from very expensive professional industrial devices to 30 USD DIY devices anyone can make at home. Processes and technologies Not all 3D printers use the same technology. There are several ways to print and all those available are additive, differing mainly in the way layers are build to create the final object. Some methods use melting or softening material to produce the layers. Selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) are the most common technologies using this way of printing. Another method of printing is when we talk about curing a photo-reactive resin with a UV...
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...Front. Mech. Eng. 2013, 8(3): 215–243 DOI 10.1007/s11465-013-0248-8 REVIEW ARTICLE Nannan GUO, Ming C. LEU Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has been researched and developed for more than 20 years. Rather than removing materials, AM processes make three-dimensional parts directly from CAD models by adding materials layer by layer, offering the beneficial ability to build parts with geometric and material complexities that could not be produced by subtractive manufacturing processes. Through intensive research over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the development and commercialization of new and innovative AM processes, as well as numerous practical applications in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, energy and other fields. This paper reviews the main processes, materials and applications of the current AM technology and presents future research needs for this technology. Keywords additive manufacturing (AM), AM processes, AM materials, AM applications 1 Introduction The ASTM F42 Technical Committee defines additive manufacturing (AM) as the “process of joining materials to make objects from three-dimensional (3D) model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies” [1]. It is also known as additive fabrication, additive processes, direct digital...
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...SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT, MANIPAL IT SKILLS FOR MANAGERS REPORT ON 3D PRINTING Presented by: Group 6 (Section B): Gautham Shetty (141202095) Kruthika S.L. (141202096) Rikith Soans (141202097) Sughosh R. Iyengar (141202098) Brajesh Kumar Pandey (141202099) INDEX Content Page No. 1. Introduction 3 2. History 4 3. The Evolution of 3D Printing 5 4. How the 3D Printing Works 6 5. General Principles of 3D Printing 7 6. Methods & Techniques 8 Selective Laser Sintering 8 Stereolithography 9 Fused Deposition Modelling 10 Laminated Object Manufacturing 11 7. Applications 12 8. Industrial & Personal Printing 13 9. The Cost of 3D Printers 14 10. Future 15 11. Effects of 3D Printing 16 12. Challenges 17 13. Conclusion 18 14. References 19 INTRODUCTION 3D printing is one of the emerging trends in the IT sector which has gained importance. Now a days, in the 21st century we can see that IT sectors plays a major role in development of all sectors. It has become the integral part of our life. IT has acted as a change agent in the present day scenario which has and will keep on bringing big changes in everyday life and 3D printers are one among the changes brought down from the IT sector...
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...ABSTRACT 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material. It is also known as rapid prototyping, is a mechanized method whereby 3D objects are quickly made on a reasonably sized machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the object. The 3D printing concept of custom manufacturing is exciting to nearly everyone. This revolutionary method for creating 3D models with the use of inkjet technology saves time and cost by eliminating the need to design; print and glue together separate model parts. Now, you can create a complete model in a single process using 3D printing. The basic principles include materials cartridges, flexibility of output, and translation of code into a visible pattern. 3D Printers are machines that produce physical 3D models from digital data by printing layer by layer. It can make physical models of objects either designed with a CAD program or scanned with a 3D Scanner. It is used in a variety of industries including jewellery, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education and consumer products. INTRODUCTION: Stereo lithographic 3D printers (known as SLAs or stereo lithography apparatus) position a perforated platform just below the surface of a vat of liquid photo curable polymer. A UV laser...
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...3D Printing: Impacting Our Future 3D Printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a technology that has been around for a while already, but in recent years technological advances have made it significantly cheaper and more attainable for many people. You can print 3D images designed on a computer with a 3D modeling program, or you can scan an object with a 3D scanner to be replicated. To print the model of the digital file the program hypothetically slices the image into a bunch of different horizontal layers. There are a few technologies used for 3D printing, the most widespread technologies are Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). In the SLS method a high powered laser melts and fuses tiny particles of metal, plastic, ceramic, or glass powder until the desired shape is achieved. In the FDM process a continuous feed of metal or plastic wire is fed through a heated nozzle melting the material briefly while it forms the object. One major impact that 3D printing could impact the future is bio-printing, or the replication of human bodily tissue through 3D printing. If you’re in need of a new kidney, instead of waiting for a compatible donor, the doctor, in theory, would be able to go to his computer load up kidney.obj press ctrl + p and within minutes begin the operation. There are many more ways the technology could help the medical fields of study, such as reproducing human bones or blood vessels. Artificial limbs could...
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...Morals and Ethics A major issue that has risen from the personal use of 3D printing is the ability to produce weapons. This issue along with others brings the concern for the morals and ethical behavior that will come along with 3D printing. Different countries will utilize the machine in different ways, hospital usage, producing food, environmental, at risk for jobs, pirating, and the good will all need to be evaluated to determine the potential threats or success of 3D printing. Many countries have found a use for the 3D printer; China is using it for bio printing and Canada is using it as an education tool for children. “The Makerbot at the Lunenburg library is one of sixteen 3D printers distributed by the Nova Scotia government in 2013 to rural and urban locations around the province” (Barrett).The library has found a way to inspire children with more than just reading and utilizing computers. Barrett’s simple explanation of a 3D printer is; “the box is a Makerbot Replicator, a desktop 3D printer. It is reading instructions from a digital card and “printing" layers of corn-based, petroleum-free plastic to produce a usable 3D object”. Facilitating an educational use for 3D printers will give younger generations an introduction to future innovations. This allows the machine uses beyond a profit engineering tool. There were two librarians who decided to raise funds to have two additional 3D printers added to another library. The librarians also organized a program for children...
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...be about the scientific research and development, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. I will be covering the advances it could create, as well as the hurdles it will be experiencing during its research of both. While Carbon Nanotubes are soon to be obsolete to Graphene, it presents a foundation for the development and inspiration of Graphene. First I will start with carbon nanotubes. The way carbon nanotubes are produced is through multiple growth methods. One of them is Arc Discharge, which is done by running a 100 amp current through the carbon soot of graphite electrodes. It produces 30% of the weight into both single and multi-walled nanotubes with lengths of up to 50 micrometers with structural defects. Another method is Chemical Vapor Deposition, which uses a substrate that contains metal particles, commonly nickel, cobalt, iron, or a combination. The substrate is heated to approximately 700°C, and then they bleed two gases into the reactor: a process gas like ammonia, nitrogen, or hydrogen, and a carbon-containing gas like acetylene, ethylene, ethanol or methane. Once that, and a couple other, more complex processes are performed, the carbon-containing gas is broken down, and the carbon is transported to the edges of the particle and the substrate, where it forms the nanotubes. The mechanism is still being studied, and others are also being performed as well as other methods of production. The application of said product is theoretically infinite, from roads, to micro and nanoprocessing...
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...oxygen in the deposition is mentioned and detailed reactions are shown for one of the existing models of amorphous hydrogenated carbon film growth (a-C:H). The subplantation process for hydrogen free amorphous carbon (a-C) is discussed. A simple application example for the growth of a-C:H film using an oxygen-acetylene torch is included. INTRODUCTION Several review papers portray the preparation and state of the art of DLC films [1-5]. There are basically two different types of DLC films: amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H), and amorphous carbon (a-C). They are differentiated on the number of sp3 (diamond like) vs. sp2 (graphite like) bonds, and the role that hydrogen (or OH) plays in the formation and structure of the film. A diamond like structure exists when sp3 bonds form between carbon atoms during the growing of a carbon film. The sp3 fraction is defined as: (Eq. 1) As the sp3 fraction increases the film tend more towards diamond properties and behavior. Diamond is a crystal with sp3 fraction of 1. The first kind of DLC, that we will refer to as Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon (a-C:H), hydrogen plays a fundamental role. A diamond like structure will not form without the presence of hydrogen, which can have a concentration up to 50% (atomic) of the final film obtained. The sp3 fraction in a-C:H films is usually less than 50%. There are an assortment of techniques used to deposit a-C:H films [1], all essentially based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The...
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...CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are small integrated devices or systems that combine electrical and mechanical components. They range in size from the sub micrometer level to the millimeter level and there can be any number, from a few to millions, in a particular system. MEMS extend the fabrication techniques developed for the integrated circuit industry to add mechanical elements such as beams, gears, diaphragms, and springs to devices. Examples of MEMS device applications include inkjet-printer cartridges, accelerometer, miniature robots, microengines, locks inertial sensors microtransmissions, micromirrors, micro actuator (Mechanisms for activating process control equipment by use of pneumatic, hydraulic, or electronic signals) optical scanners, fluid pumps, transducer, pressure and flow sensors. New applications are emerging as the existing technology is applied to the miniaturization and integration of conventional devices. These systems can sense, control, and activate mechanical processes on the micro scale, and function individually or in arrays to generate effects on the macro scale. The micro fabrication technology enables fabrication of large arrays of devices, which individually perform simple tasks, but in combination can accomplish complicated functions. MEMS are not about any one application or device, nor are they defined by a single fabrication process or limited to a few materials. They are a fabrication approach that conveys...
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...International Journal of Engineering and Physical Sciences 6 2012 Investigations on the Influence of Process Parameters on the Sliding Wear Behavior of Components Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) C. D. Naiju, K. Annamalai, Siva Prasad Darla and Y. Murali Krishna Abstract—This work presents the results of a study carried out to determine the sliding wear behavior and its effect on the process parameters of components manufactured by direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). A standard procedure and specimen had been used in the present study to find the wear behavior. Using Taguchi’s experimental technique, an orthogonal array of modified L8 had been developed. Sliding wear testing using pin-on-disk machine was carried out and analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to investigate the effect of process parameters and to identify the main process parameter that influences the properties of wear behavior on the DMLS components. It has been found that part orientation, one of the selected process parameter had more influence on wear as compared to other selected process parameters. Keywords—ANOVA, DMLS, Taguchi, Wear. I. INTRODUCTION The major advantage of this process is it can use wide range of metal powders such as direct steel, bronze based powder etc. the Cu-based metal powders are also being used for purity and better surface finishing [2]. The major drawback for this process is the surface finish [3] and the wear [4] of the material. An experimental study...
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...Our reference: MR 10661 P-authorquery-v11 AUTHOR QUERY FORM Journal: MR Please e-mail or fax your responses and any corrections to: E-mail: corrections.esch@elsevier.sps.co.in Article Number: 10661 Fax: +31 2048 52799 Dear Author, Please check your proof carefully and mark all corrections at the appropriate place in the proof (e.g., by using on-screen annotation in the PDF file) or compile them in a separate list. Note: if you opt to annotate the file with software other than Adobe Reader then please also highlight the appropriate place in the PDF file. To ensure fast publication of your paper please return your corrections within 48 hours. For correction or revision of any artwork, please consult http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Any queries or remarks that have arisen during the processing of your manuscript are listed below and highlighted by flags in the proof. Click on the ‘Q’ link to go to the location in the proof. Location in article Query / Remark: click on the Q link to go Please insert your reply or correction at the corresponding line in the proof Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Please confirm that given names and surnames have been identified correctly. Kindly check whether the affiliation ‘a’ is okay as typeset, and correct if necessary. Kindly check whether the identification of corresponding author and details are okay as typeset, and correct if necessary. Kindly check and approve the edit of this line ‘It is known that the breakdown of MIM capacitors is...’...
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...IMPACT OF 3D PRINTING ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE Name: Institution: Introduction 3D printing is the procedure of creating an objective material from a three-dimensional digital replica. Characteristically, this is done by laying down vast succeeding thin layers of a material (3-D printing: additive manufacturing, 2015). To print a 3D object, the manufacturer needs to employ a 3D computer-aided design. Consequently, this report paper shall attempt to look at the impact of 3D printing on engineering practice during the couple of years. Body Engineering practice is the technological activities that guarantee an organization or a company create products of the needed eminence as anticipated (ISPE Good Practice Guide: Good Engineering Practice, 2015). The impact of 3D printing on the medical application is considered to be developing quickly and is anticipated to change the health care. Medical uses of 3D, mutually definite as well as latent, can be arranged into broad alternate groups comprising of tissue along with organ fabrication. Other impacts of 3D printing engineering practice in the field of medicine include the formulation of modified prosthetics, anatomical structures as well as the use of implants in the human body. It is vital to acknowledge...
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