...Literature Review – Survey Sampling Matthew King Liberty University BUSI 600-B13 LUO Dr. Shawna Wentlandt September 27, 2014 Abstract Conducting a survey is an incredibly fruitful method in gathering informational data related to a particular field or idea. When conducting that survey, one of the first questions to answer is who will partake in the survey. The methodology employed to determine how many, and the parameters of who will be surveyed is known as sampling. This literature review will summarize and synthesize many articles on the topic of sampling. Introduction Literature Review Purpose This literature review will summarize and synthesize over twenty-four articles related to the science and art of survey sampling. Sampling for a survey is paramount to the research as it ensures accuracy of polling a population. An understanding of sampling will not be necessary to the comprehension of this review. It serves to introduce the reader to survey sampling in general, while acting as a quick handbook to sampling. Those with a beginning interest should be able to use this review as a first step into sampling science. Each section should provide a further understanding of sampling from the various articles reviewed. Literature Review Outline The literature review will begin with an introduction section to survey sampling. The history of survey sampling will be shown by the articles reviewed. Following an introduction to sampling, methodologies used in sampling will...
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...Research Review Marketing Research-"the function that links the consumers, customers, and public to the marketer through information — information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Observation research-is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting Convenience sample- is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. Probability/nonprobability-Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated. Nonprobability sampling does not meet this criterion and should be used with caution. Nonprobability sampling techniques cannot be used to infer from the sample to the general population MIS- Interis a general term for the computer systems in an enterprise that provide information about its business. operations.net vs. Intranet- An intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to share information, operational systems, or computing services within an organization Primary Research- consists of a collection of original primary data Secondary Research- Secondary research (also known as desk research) involves the summary, collation and/or synthesis...
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...Module 1 The Research Process * Is a scholarly activity aimed at finding new truths about a specific discipline basically designed to find solution to a problem. * Done in various fields of studies. * May be done in natural sciences like Biology, Chemistry and Physics. And in the field of social sciences such as Sociology, Psychology, Education, Anthropology, Industry and the like. Definitions of Research * a systematic patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1994) * a systematic investigation in order to establish facts and new conclusions (Oxford, 1996) Definitions of Research * a systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events (Best & Kahn, 1998) * purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of life (Calderon, 2000) * a process of systematically examining and explaining the observables. It seeks to generate answers to questions but it also generates further questions for study....
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...interest or another fraudulent scheme). * Related-parties transaction: On February 1, 2010, Apollo Shoes Inc. purchased its operating facility and equipment from a company controlled by two previous directors and shareholders of the Company for $623,905.92. Currently, the Company leases a second facility and equipment from the same company for approximately $200,000 per month. The Company’s lease ends in June 2011 at which time all operations will be moved to the central headquarters building. The two previous directors are no longer associated with Apollo Shoes. * Write-offs: Bad Debt Expense in A/R for year 2010 is equal to the write-off amount for the same period ($1,622,000.00). Requires detailed review. * Personal loan (Board meeting minutes from June 30, 2011): "Mr. Unum moved that Apollo advance $1,000,000 to Mr. Lancaster’s personal secretary as a personal loan to cover personal legal expenses related to her previous employer. Mr. Unum further suggested that the promissory note plus accrued interest of 1% per year be due on June 30, 2048. Mr. Lancaster suggested that it be recorded in “other receivables,” rather than “employee advances” so...
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...direct practice (Smith, 2007). Bias It is systematic error created during the design, measurement, interviewing or sampling. Any influence that distorts the results of a study and undermines validity. (Polit and Beck, 2008). Codes Codes are the combination of data for themes, ideas, concepts and categories making the data easy to search, to make comparisons and to identify any patterns (Sage, n.d.). Construct Construct is the abstract idea, underlying theme, or subject matter that one wishes to measure using survey questions (e.g., health locus of control)( Polit and Beck,2008). Controlled Variable A variable that remains unchanged or held constant in a research analysis (About.com, n.d.). Correlation Degree and type of relationship between any two or more variables in which they vary together over a period and how well can one factor predict another (Polit and Beck, 2008). Critiquing It is a research that involves a careful, complete examination of a study to judge its strengths, weaknesses, logical links, meaning and significance (Nursing Planet, n.d.). Data Data is a piece of information in raw form collected by researcher through observations, experiments or interview. The pieces of information obtained in a study (Polit and Beck, 2008.) Data analysis The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the data provided (Business Dictionary, n.d.). The systematic organization and synthesis of research data...
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...As corporate controller for Apollo Shoes, you are tasked to find and explain any irregularities in the Apollo Shoes Case. Resource: Apollo Shoes Casebook Define the process you will use and address the following assessed classroom discussion questions: What procedures will be used to collect accounting evidence? What sampling tools and techniques will be used for the examination? How will you use analytical and inferential tools to evaluate accounting evidence? Submit your assignment to the facilitator. Note. APA formatting is not required for this assignment. Use a title and reference page where appropriate. Consider using a checklist or flowchart to outline your process. There are many irregularities that can arise within the different accounting departments at Apollo Shoes. An audit program will be designed according to the three cycles that will be outlined below. The first cycle that will be discussed is cash, then accounts payable and finally the payroll function. These cycles will be evaluated for substantive procedures for Apollo Shoes and detect irregularities for each section and an appropriate audit program will be designed for each department. Cash At Apollo Shoes irregularities or cash schemes, which could occur in the audit cycle of cash include fraudulent disbursement schemes and cash receipt schemes. Fraudulent disbursement schemes are those in which a distribution of funds is made from some company account in what appears...
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...need and importance of research 2.2 Scientific method and business research 2.3 Ethics and legal issues of research 2.4 Variables and measurement scales 2 Types of Research 2.1 By purpose 2.1.1 Basic research 2.1.2 Applied research 2.1.3 Action research 2.2 By method and technique 2.2.1 Historical 2.2.2 Descriptive – survey, causal comparative, correlation 2.2.3 Experimental 2.2.4 Qualitative – ethnography, case study, content analysis 3 Research Problem 3.1. Selection and statement 3.2.1. Selection 3.2.2. Sources 3.2.3. Statement 3.2. Review of Related Literature 3.3.4. Need 3.3.5. Sources 3.3.6. Note taking 3.3.7. Organizing and citation 4 Formulation and Statement of Hypotheses 4.1 Definition and purpose 4.2 Types of hypotheses 4.3 Stating the hypotheses 4.4 Testing the hypotheses 5. Selection of Sample 5.1 Sampling: definition, purpose 5.2 Definition of population 5.3 Probability Sampling 5.3.1 Random sampling 5.3.2 Stratified sampling 5.3.3 Cluster sampling 5.3.4 Systematic sampling 5.3.5 Double sampling...
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...As corporate controller for Apollo Shoes, you are tasked to find and explain any irregularities in the Apollo Shoes Case. Resource: Apollo Shoes Casebook Define the process you will use and address the following assessed classroom discussion questions: What procedures will be used to collect accounting evidence? What sampling tools and techniques will be used for the examination? How will you use analytical and inferential tools to evaluate accounting evidence? Submit your assignment to the facilitator. Note. APA formatting is not required for this assignment. Use a title and reference page where appropriate. Consider using a checklist or flowchart to outline your process. There are many irregularities that can arise within the different accounting departments at Apollo Shoes. An audit program will be designed according to the three cycles that will be outlined below. The first cycle that will be discussed is cash, then accounts payable and finally the payroll function. These cycles will be evaluated for substantive procedures for Apollo Shoes and detect irregularities for each section and an appropriate audit program will be designed for each department. Cash At Apollo Shoes irregularities or cash schemes, which could occur in the audit cycle of cash include fraudulent disbursement schemes and cash receipt schemes. Fraudulent disbursement schemes are those in which a distribution of funds is made from some company account in what appears...
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...PROJECT PROPOSAL GRIEVANCE HANDLING PROCEDURES AND THEIR IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF GHANA COCOA BOARD 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Grievance is a sign of an employee’s discontentment with his job or his relationship with his colleagues. Grievance generally arises out of the day to day working relations in an organization, an employee or a trade union protest against an act or policy of the management that they consider as violating employees rights. An organization will establish a grievance practice to give an opportunity to the employee to file his or her frustration. The establishment of grievance procedure is in line with the principle of “due process” (Mante-Meija & Enid, 1991) which guarantees the application of procedural justice and ethical decision making in an organization. Besides the establishment of grievance procedure will resolve employees’ dissatisfaction fairly, behavior of personnel who handle grievance also brings effect to the employee’s satisfaction on the result of grievance resolution. Managers will handle grievances referred to them base on their personality reference. One of the effective ways of minimizing and eliminating the source of employee’s grievance is by having an ‘open door policy’. An ‘open door policy’ facilitates upward communication in the organization where employees can walk into superiors’ cabin at any time and express their grievances. The National Commission on Labour suggested a Model Grievance...
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...Chapter 1: The Role of BR I. The Nature of Research A. BR defined B. Applied & basic BR C. The scientific method II. Managerial Value of BR A. Identifying problems or opportunities B. Diagnosing & assessing problems or opportunities C. Selecting & implementing a course of action D. Evaluating the course of action III. When is BR Needed? A. Time constraints B. Availability of data C. Nature of the decision D. Benefits vs costs IV. BR In The 21st Century A. Communication technologies B. Global BR Chapter 3: Theory Building I. Introduction A. What is a theory? B. What are the goals of theory? II. Research Concepts, Constructs, Proposition, Variables & Hypotheses A. Research concepts & constructs B. Research proposition & hypotheses III. Understanding Theory A. Verifying theory B. Theory building Chapter 5: The Human Side of BR: Organizational & Ethical Issue I. Introduction II. Ethical issue in BR A. Ethical qs are philosophical qs B. General rights & obligation of concerned parties C. Rights & obligation of the research participant * The obligation to be truthful * Participants’ right to privacy * Active & Passive research * Deception in research designs & the right to be informed * Experiment designs * Descriptive research * Protection from harm D. Rights & obligation of the...
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...INTRODUCTION Life is full of risks and uncertainties. Since we are social human beings we have too many responsibilities. Indian consumers have big influence of emotions and rationality on their buying decisions. They believe in the future rather than the present and desire to have a better and secured future, in this direction life insurance services have its own value in terms of minimizing risks and uncertainties. Indian economy is developing and having huge middleclass, Societal Class and salaried persons. Their money value for current needs and future desires helps in generating the reason behind holding a policy. Insurance: in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium, and can be thought of as a guaranteed and known small loss to prevent a large, possibly devastating loss. An insurer: is a company selling the insurance; an insured Policyholder: is the person or entity buying the insurance. The insurance rate: is a factor used to determine the amount to be charged for ascertain amount of insurance coverage, called the premium . | HEALTH INSURANCE The term Health Insurance is used to describe a form of insurance that pays for medical expenses. It is used more broadly to include insurance that covers disability or long-term nursing or custodial care needs...
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...Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorials Summary . . . . INTRODUCTION Data collection methodology is a two credit unit first semester course available to first semester course available to students of Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) Library and Information science. 4 Research involves data collection, any discipline of the social sciences, education and even the sciences needs a sound knowledge of research; how to conduct research, ethics of research and generally to write a report or design a study. The use and importance of research cannot be overemphasized. All students undergoing any form of degree programme is required to write a project, thesis or dissertation. This course offers a complete guide to such write ups including statistical techniques in sampling measurements and ethics of research. What you will learn in this course The course consist of units and a course guide which informs you briefly...
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...Selecting Samples. The need to sample Sampling- a valid alternative to a census when: 1) A survey of the entire population is impracticable 2) Budget constraints restrict data collection 3) Time constraints restrict data collection 4) Results from data collection are needed quickly Отбор образцов. Потребность отбора Выборка - действительная альтернатива переписи, когда: 1) Обзор всего населения невыполним 2) Ограничения бюджета ограничивают сбор данных 3) Временные ограничения ограничивают сбор данных 4) Следствия сбора данных необходимы быстро Probability sampling The four stage process: 1. Identify sampling frame from research objectives 2. Decide on a suitable sample size 3. Select the appropriate technique and the sample 4. Check that the sample is representative Identifying a suitable sampling frame Key points to consider 1. Problems of using existing databases 2. Extent of possible generalisation from the sample 3. Validity and reliability 4. Avoidance of bias Выборка вероятности Четыре стадии процесса: 1. Определите структуру выборки из целей исследования 2. Выберите подходящий объем выборки 3. Выберите соответствующую технику и образец 4. Проверьте, что образец представительный Идентификация подходящей структуры выборки Ключевые пункты, чтобы рассмотреть 1. Проблемы использования существующих баз данных 2. Степень возможного обобщения из образца 3. Законность и надежность 4. Предотвращение уклона ...
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...Chapter 4 Review Question 1 The process of stating the basic dilemma and then developing other questions by progressively breaking down the original question into more specific ones is called the _____. research question management-research-question hierarchy management dilemma management question investigative question Question 2 Which of the following statements is false regarding the evaluation of alternatives? The selection of alternatives is determined by the decision variable chosen and the decision rule used Each alternative must be explicitly stated A decision variable is defined by an outcome that may be measured A decision rule is determined by which outcomes may be compared all of the above are true Question 3 Apple plans to survey every customer who has purchased an Apple computer in the last 5 years. Apple plans to use a _____. convenience sample snowball sample systematic sample census random sample Question 4 Ensuring consistency among respondents, locating omissions, and reducing errors in recording are all benefits of data collection data editing sampling coding data analysis Question 5 Reducing data to a manageable size, developing summaries, and applying statistical techniques are all aspects of sampling data collection pilot testing data analysis data transformation Question 6 A synopsis of the problem, findings, and recommendations are provided in the ____ section of a research report. executive summary abstract ...
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...Chapter 4 Review Questions 1. What are the five questions typically used in fact-finding? What additional questions can be asked during this process? The five questions are who, what, where, why, how. * Who? Who performs each of the procedures within the system? Why? Are the correct people performing the activity? Could other people perform the task more effectively? * What? What is being done? What procedures are being followed? Why is that process necessary? Often, Procedures are being followed for many years and no one knows why. You should question why a procedure is being followed at all. * Where? Where are operations being performed? * Why? Where could they be performed? Could they be performed more efficiently elsewhere? When? When is a procedure performed? Why is it being performed at this time? Is this the best time? * How? How is a procedure performed? Why is it performed in that manner? Could it be performed better, more efficiently, or less expensively in some other manner 2. What is a systems requirement, and how are systems requirements classified? A System Requirement is characteristic or feature that must be included in an information system to satisfy business requirements and be acceptable to users. System requirements serve as benchmarks to measure the overall acceptability of the finished system. System requirements fall into five general categories: outputs, inputs processes, performance, and controls. 3. What...
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