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Abraham Zaleznik

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ABRAHAM ZALEZNIK

La visión tradicional del management se enfocaba en la estructura y los procesos de organización. El desarrollo gerencial se centraba exclusivamente en construir un control y un equilibrio de poder adecuados. Para Zaleznik esta visión antigua omitía los elementos esenciales del liderazgo: la inspiración, la visión y la pasión que son los ejes del éxito empresarial.

Diferencia entre líderes y gerentes:
Los gerentes adoptan procedimientos, quieren estabilidad y control, buscan resolver los problemas con rapidez a veces sin importarles el real significado del problema.

Los líderes toleran el caos y la falta de estructura, están dispuestos a demorar una conclusión para comprender los problemas con mayor profundidad.
Para tener éxito, las organizaciones necesitan tanto de gerentes como de líderes. Desarrollar a ambos requiere atenuar a lógica y la estrategia para permitir la creatividad y la imaginación.

GERENTES Y LÍDERES

Principales problemas para desarrollar el liderazgo: la distribución y el uso de poder. Para resolver estos problemas se creó la definición del gerente, un cargo que pueda implementar una nueva ética del poder que favorezca el liderazgo colectivo por encima del individual. El liderazgo gerencial asegura la competencia, el control y el equilibrio de poder entre grupos rivales, por desgracia no asegura un lugar para la imaginación, la creatividad y la ética gerencial para las corporaciones.

El liderazgorequiere el uso de poder para influenciar en el pensamiento y la conducta de otras personas.

La personalidad del gerente vs la del líder

El liderazgo gerencial enfatiza la racionalidad y el control, esta perspectiva es un esfuerzo para encaminar los asuntos y cumplir con el cometido de la organización, un gerente necesita que muchas personas operen eficientemente en sus diferentes niveles jerárquicos por eso es que un gerente tiene que tener tolerancia y buena voluntad.

Este concepto tiene un problema, el cual consiste en que el liderazgo del gerente se estanca por la búsqueda de los propósitos y el cumplimiento de metas establecidas. Por ende guiado por propósitos limitados, sin capacidad imaginativa ni habilidad para comunicarse los gerentes serán la solución para un desarrollo más óptimo de la organización.

No existen formas preestablecidas para formar líderes. ( Las organizaciones necesitan gerentes competentes pero anhelan tener grandes líderes).

Actitudes ante las metas

La actitud de los gerentes frente a las metas tiende a ser impersonal y pasiva. Las metas gerenciales surgen de necesidades mas no de deseos por eso son extremadamente ligadas a la organización.

La actitud de los líderes frente a las metas tiende a ser mas activa, forjar ideas en lugar de responder a ellas. Los líderes adoptan una actitud personal y activa hacia las metas. La influencia de un líder se ejerce al modificar los estados de ánimo y establecer deseos y objetivosespecíficos. El resultado final es que la gente cambia la manera de pensar sobre lo que es deseable, posible y necesario.

Concepciones del trabajo

Los gerentes tienden a concebir el trabajo como un proceso que posibilita la interacción entre personas e ideas con el fin de establecer y tomar decisiones. Ellos tienen la función de anticiparse a los problemas y reducir las tensiones. Los gerentes son flexibles usan premios o castigos, cualquier forma de coerción. Los gerentes buscan encaminar los conflictos de poder hacia las soluciones aceptables para ambas partes.

Los líderes actúan en sentido opuesto. Mientras los gerentes buscan limitar opciones, los lideres desarrollan nuevos enfoques a problemas y están abiertos a nuevas alternativas. Los lideres deben traducir sus ideas en imágenes que generen entusiasmo en los demás para luego poder darles contenido y realizarlas para la innovación de las organizaciones. Los lideres trabajan desde posiciones de alto riesgo, es mas ellos mismos buscan estas situaciones cuando la recompensa suele ser prometedora (depende más de la personalidad de la persona que de una elección consciente).

Relaciones con los demás

Los gerentes prefieren trabajar con personas. Evitan una actividad solitaria porque les genera ansiedad. Tienen una necesidad de buscar personas con quien trabajar y colaborar pero sin tener un compromiso emocional en estas relaciones para que puedan reconciliar diferencias, buscar acuerdos y establecer unequilibrio de poder.

Los gerentes carecen de empatía o la capacidad para percibir de manera intuitiva lo que piensan o sienten. Pero buscan una política de ganar – ganar para todos.

Los líderes de relacionan con los demás desarrollando un nivel de empatía y comprensión mucho mayor al del gerente, lo que produce motivación individual y resultados inesperados.

Distintos sentidos del yo

William james describe dos tipos básicos de personalidad, el nacido una vez y el nacido dos veces. Las personas del primer tipo de personalidad son aquellas para las que adaptarse no ha sido difícil, se sienten cómodos con su entorno. Los gerentes se ven a si mismos como conservadores y reguladores del orden existente con lo que se sienten identificados y con el que sacan recompensas. Las personas nacidas una vez encuentran armonía entre lo que esperan y lo que pueden hacer por ende son conformistas.

Las personas nacidas dos veces han tenido una vida con una constante búsqueda del sentido del orden, por eso son personas con un sentimiento de profunda separación de su entorno, pueden trabajar en organizaciones pero nunca pertenecen a ellas.

Los lideres o personas nacidas dos veces tienen una forma de dependencia de uno mismo junto con expectativas de desempeño y logros que llevan al deseo de realizar grandes obras.

Las personalidades gerenciales forman múltiples vínculos de moderada intensidad mientras los líderes establecen y también rompen intensos vínculos persona a persona.

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