...authorities on the application of force to achieve the aims of policy. The argument he presented in this article is weak, and I will argue this under two premises. First, LTC(R) Yingling utilized fallacies throughout his argument to support claims of generalship failures. Second, he excludes the other points of possible failure to focus on one set of rank within the officer corps. LTC(R) Yingling’s utilization of fallacies throughout his argument serves to create confusion, bias, and diversions for the reader of this article. He distracts the audience by the introduction of a red herring in his argument. The summation of his first two paragraphs discuss war as “a social activity that involves entire nations,” and “passion of the people is necessary to endure the sacrifices inherent in war.” These ideas raise a side issue separate from the focus of the first element of discussion, responsibilities of generalship. LTC(R) Yingling exhibits circular reasoning when he states, “the general must visualize the conditions of future combat,” and goes on to state, “not even the most skilled general can visualize precisely how future wars will be fought.” If a general’s responsibility is to visualize what he is unable to visualize, this begs the question of how much culpability a general is truly responsible for, assuming the general provided an estimation of strategic probabilities. Weak analogies riddle the argument through comparisons of World War I, World War II, the Vietnam conflict...
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...item 1 –A comparative literature review This is worth 30% of your module The following learning outcomes are assessed: Knowledge 1. A critical appreciation of the nature of research and the goals of academic reading, information searching and communication. 2 A critical appreciation of the clarity, scientific approach and structure of academic writing. This item will allow you to get feedback on skills that you need to help with the Research Plan in Portfolio item 2. TASK You are required to do a comparative literature review of the following topics (you may need to customise the title to include the domain) Choose one of the following topics on which to do a comparative literature review (word limit 2000 words): * The impact of personality traits of the project leaders in project success * Managing change management * Communication skills and project success * Network security and social networking * The role of effective IT management strategies in organisations * Assessing risks in home and public access wireless networks * Ethics in the design of business applications You may find the Q5 technique useful to map out the structure of each paper before you do the review. The task You will select a topic then find two or more academic papers that address the topic. You are required to write a comparative review of the topic from the perspective of these papers. This may require you to examine several schools of thought, issues, or the...
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...A Guide to Writing Answers to the Assignment Questions Introduction Students may be concerned that writing and referencing a law academic paper is ‘different’ to other types of academic papers. This is not correct except that perhaps the level of analysis required may be greater and more reliance on primary sources (e.g. precedent cases and legislation) and secondary sources (textbooks, articles) may be required. But the basic fundamentals are still the same: a well-structured piece of work that leads the reader through a discussion of a particular problem or issue. There should be an introduction, a body and a conclusion. Inevitably, either you will be required to put up arguments for hypothetical parties dealing with a hypothetical business problem or you may be asked for your view about a particular legal issue. It is essential that you base your arguments and views on legal principles and cases and thus reliance on what others have written is necessary. This guide attempts to provide you with some assistance in writing and referencing law academic papers. Some basic resource materials are also noted. [NB: This guide is a starting point only.] There are two types of Law Academic Papers Students who take the Business Law Major will inevitably be expected, at some stage, to answer at least two different styles of legal questions: legal case studies and essays. Legal case studies These are questions based on a set of hypothetical facts. The purpose...
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...[pic] Centre for Instructional and Technology Support Academic writing What is academic writing? Well, it is writing done by scholars for scholars. Thanks goodness I am just a student not a scholar hence academic writing does not concern me, right? Wrong! As a university college student you are part of a community of scholars. You are expected to be able to engage in the following activities: Read about certain ideas Think about certain ideas Argue about certain ideas Write about certain ideas Before you start to write you have to read widely in your area of interest. Carry out a literature search in the library or an online search in the Internet. Look for relevant articles in the journals or newspapers or even in books. In an academic writing you have to acknowledge references made in the bibliography. While reading extensively you have to think and decide whether you agree with the authors’ views or otherwise. Do you have evidence to support your stand? On what ground do you choose a particular position. You have to argue it out convincingly in your writing. Do not use hearsay or your gut feeling to support your argument. Look for concrete evidences in other scholars’ work. It is very wrong to submit an academic writing where you merely joint together paragraphs from various articles read without contributing your views, your arguments and your thinking of the subject you are writing. Remember it is not an exercise for you to summarise other authors’...
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...Aurora Salinas Eng. 1302.33 Stuart Greene writes a realistic fiction in Argument as Conversation: The Role of Inquiry in Writing a Researched Argument (2001). In this article, Greene discusses how an argument is not a dispute, but rather an ongoing discussion that can include the historical context hidden behind it and that engaging in and then leaving said argument does not mean that it will be over. He presents his opinion in framing and research as inquiry, cites other authors, and writes Argument as Conversation the way he is describing it in the first place. He explains the importance of using sources and the necessity of doing so in order to have a basic understanding of how to effectively argue a point. Greene intends the audience to be students barely going into college and have yet to learn how to debate in an academic setting. In my opinion, this article is perfect for the incoming freshmen students that do not know how to argue efficiently. It shows how to write, read, research, structure, and overall make better an argument. But I feel like there is nothing that can help a more experienced student. The article does not introduce anything new with how to argue a point. It is very basic and therefore, useless to those experienced students looking for new ways to debate a certain point. After hearing Greene’s description of research writing, the task seems clearer, and useful in my mind. A research writing is so much more than jotting down reasons and facts about...
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...Unit READING ……………………………………. 2 3 5 Overview exercise ……………………………. Article …………….……………………… Close study exercise ……………………. 4 2 7 WRITING (Argument) ………………............... Suitable Topics for an Argument ……………. Elements of an Argument ……………………. Rational or Emotional Appeal ……………. Dealing with your Opponents ……………. Discovering the Pros & Cons ……………. Organization of an Argument ……………. Strong Argument ……………………. Balanced Argument ……………………. Writing tips ……………………………. Being Concise ……………………………. Using Specific Detail ……………………. 7 7 10 10 11 13 13 16 20 20 23 REMEDIAL WORK Review ………………………... 25 ……………………………………. 25 VOCABULARY ………………………............ 31 Academic Word List (AWL) 6 ……………. 31 Word Formation 4 ................................ 32 PRESENTATIONS ……………………...… 33 Argument ……………………………………. 33 READING The article on the following pages is taken from the Science & Technology page of the BBC website. Dated 19 July 2010, the article expresses one point of view in the continuing debate about GM food, which is a significant part of the biotechnology industry. “GM” stands for “genetically modified.” Exercise 1 Overview Answer the questions below to obtain an overview of the article. Many questions can be answered by reference to the topic sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. What kind of science does Jonathan Jones specialize in? He is writing in the BBC’s “Green Room.” What is that? Read the article synopsis. What does Professor Jones think about GM food crops? Read the whole of the introductory...
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...ESSAY WRITING Dr Valli Rao, Associate Professor Kate Chanock, and Dr Lakshmi Krishnan use a visual approach to walk students through the most important processes in essay writing for university: formulating, refining, and expressing academic argument. ‘MetamorTHESIS‘ Your main argument or thesis is your position in answer to the essay question. It changes and develops as you undertake your reading and research towards the essay. how to develop & communicate academic argument “I love the way the authors explain what an argument is. I also love the way they justify holding opinions in an academic context … A Visual Guide to Essay Writing shows you excellently how to communicate with your marker by employing your ‘authorial voice’.” - Dr Alastair Greig Head, School of Social Sciences The Australian National University Valli Rao Kate Chanock Lakshmi Krishnan “This is a great book ... clear, useful, beautifully conceived and produced ... an intriguing approach, one that will make sense to students and really assist their essay writing skills.” - Brigid Ballard & John Clanchy authors of the international best-seller Essay writing for students: a practical guide How effective structure supports reasoned argument in essays1 Discipline/field Topic Underlying question Introduce discipline/field/context and topic Roughly, 10–15% of essay length Why is this topic interesting from the perspective of the discipline/field? [also consider...
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...How to read an academic article These notes are intended to help you develop your approach to the way that you read an academic article for study purposes, ie as part of your studies for your degree. The notes should be used alongside the example article discussed, Flamholtz, E. (1983) "Accounting, Budgeting and Control Systems in their Organizational Context: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives", in Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 8, no 2/3, pp.153-169 (17 pages). This is available on the Web at http://www.mgtsystems.com/media/1476.pdf You should download and print out a copy - it is not really appropriate to attempt to read from a computer screen as you will need to move quickly through the article whilst also following the discussion here. Many students find difficulty in reading academic articles such as the one by Flamholtz. They tend to complain that: "it's too difficult" "I lose track of what the author is saying" "I get so far (1 or 2 pages) then find I can't make any sense of it" "I find I have to keep going back over stuff I've just read because I can't see what the author is saying" "After a couple of pages I lose interest" One major reason for such problems is that students attempt to read the article in the wrong way. They try to read it as if it were a short story, or novel or newspaper report (eg on a soccer match, or about the latest troubles of some celebrity or other). That is, they start at the beginning and try to read through...
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...Hong Kong - SHAPE Strategic Management (Business & Finance) SHAPE HK Individual coursework (40%) General guidance to students on content and approach The word limit is 2,000 words (plus or minus ten percent), including any appendix but excluding your table of references. You should indicate the number of words in your assignment on the cover. NOTE: The ability to communicate a cogent and coherent argument in a limited number of words is an academic skill required of students at level 6. Therefore anything you write beyond 2200 words will not be read. Late submission of course work will be dealt with under standard University regulations, which are available through the student portal. Assignment Question: Identify and analyse the factors that encourage internationalisation by organisations (50%). Organisations that seek to develop an international strategy have a range of strategies available. Evaluate each of these strategies (50%) What you need to do to get a good grade. 1. Read the question - You will notice that the essay has two parts to the question. Remember you must answer the entire question. The brackets offer some advice about the length of each section. 2. Understand what is being asked of you. There are three key words in the question these are 'Identify' and 'Analyse' in the first part of the question and 'Evaluate' in the second part of the question. Identify - find out, name, ascertain the factors or information that is under investigation. ...
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...offering your position in regards to the debate by responding to the arguments in an academic way. -Utilize the templates provided to structure your paper. -Avoid quoting any text. Use your own words and sentence structure, not the author’s. Summary Critique Layout: 1) Begin your summary by setting up the debate for the paper. Then begin your brief summary of either Gurdon or Alexi. Utilize this template: * In recent discussions of _____, a controversial issue has been whether _____. On the one hand, some argue that ______. From this perspective, ________. (EXPLAIN What are they ultimately saying) On the other hand, however, others argue that _______. To take a case in point, In "Title of the Essay," (Author1) (argues/asserts/claims/suggests) that______ (thesis /central idea of the piece). (Author1) (asserts/argues/claims/insists) _______ (this is where you include the author’s evidence/proof/support for their main argument (include at least 2 specific points that support the author’s position). In other words, what specific information does author1 use to emphasize or clarify their point? 2) Switch to Author2. * Unlike (Author1), In "Title of the Essay," (Author2) (argues/asserts/claims/suggests) that___ (thesis /central idea of the piece). (Author2) (asserts/argues/claims/insists) _______ (this is where you include the author’s evidence/proof/support for their main argument (include at least 2 specific points that support the author’s position)...
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...The academic paper Format ■ Introduction ■ Exposition ■ Conclusion The introduction ■ motivate your research question – the problem that you want to look further into ■ present topic and research question. Attract reader’s attention ■ present “problem formulation” ■ Present problem and see to it that it really is a problem (ie the distance between the present situation and a future intended situation) ■ define parameters of analysis “roadmap”: summarise the line of argument Exposition and conclusion ■ an exposition/body should • present all data and analysis • put paragraphs in logical progression – one item per paragraph (use sub headlines to assist reader) • arrange information into paragraphs with ■ Discussion ■ Elaboration ■ Examples ■ Exceptions ■ a conclusion should • pull the bits together • answer your own question clearly ■ Perspectives: • Allowing you to introduce hypotheses that are unsubstantiated so far Structure From general to specific and back to general again Language and style Descriptive vs argumentative language: Examples: ■ Description of eg affirmative action in the US – must be used to argue for/against eg constitutionality ■ Argumentation: claim – support – warrant (Toulmin) • eg: affirmative action is unconstitutional (claim) ...
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...1). What background information do you need to know in order to read this image intelligibly? You do not need any background information to read this visual argument. This photo is self-explanatory. 2). What do you see? I see a man verbally abusing a lady. What are the key details or features here that stand out? The man’s face, fist punching the lady from his mouth, and the pain on the ladies face all stand out to support my theory. What images? The image is self-explanatory. What text? There was no text to support this visual argument. What supporting details? Every aspect of this photo supports my argument. 3). Identify the issue(s): Based on the picture it presents, what issue does this visual seem to be referencing? This visual seem to be referencing verbal abuse. This is a great picture to really explain how words can be painful. What debate is it part of? The visual debates the seriousness of verbal abuse and the effects. 4). Defining the Perspective: What side in this debate is this visual taking? The visual is taking the side of women, showing how men verbally abuse women. What perspective on this issue does this visual seem to take? This visual seem to support the seriousness of verbal abuse. It shows how people’s words can really be as painful as a punch in the face. 5). Defining the Argument: How do we know what side of this debate the visual is taking? This visual is taking the side of women. It is showing how men can verbally abuse a women with...
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...Practical English usage Style in Academic Writing [pic] When we speak and/or write to our family and friends, we use an informal style. However when we give a presentation, write an essay, review, and dissertation, we have to use a more formal style. There are eight main categories to consider. 1. Informal Personal style used. For example: …we are not sure if…,/ …. we can argue that… Formal Impersonal style used. For example:….It is debatable whether…/ …there are several arguments in favour of… 2. Informal Use the active voice. For example: I conducted the research by….. Formal Use the passive Voice. For example: The Research was conducted by 3. Informal Contractions used. For example: Wouldn’t’ve, didn’t. Formal Contractions not normally used. For example: would not have, did not. 4. Informal Colloquialisms (slang words) and clichés can be used. For example: This is a naff argument or this argument should be taken with a pinch a salt. Formal Collquialisms and clichés are avoided. For example: This argument should be treated with some scepticism 5. Informal Main meaning is given by verbs. For example: We have to delay introducing the new system. Formal Main meaning given by nouns (nominalisation). For example: There has been a delay in the introduction of the new system 6. Informal We don’t necessarily have to be precise with our vocabulary. For example: This...
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...Argument for Public School Uniforms Sydney Slifka University of Colorado Denver School uniforms have created a debate to whether or not they are an effective addition to a school environment and to individual students themselves. Over the last decade, uniforms in public schools have increased, bringing a great deal of controversy along with them. With this public controversy there have been lawsuits, increased media attention, criticism from parents and complaints from students as well as increased academic research. There have been many recent studies done that offer evidence that school uniforms have been effective in many different ways. The purpose of this paper is to argue in favor of the implementation of school uniforms in our public education system by addressing these different articles and studies on the implementation of school uniforms. Ann Bodine wrote an ethnography about a city in the United States and the introduction of school uniforms. In her article she writes about the introduction of school uniforms and how it intersects with different aspects of life. Bodine describes students’ clothing as a “screen on which are projected all kinds of beliefs, anxieties and aspirations about children” (2003, p. 60). Through her observations of people and their clothing she noticed that the concept of dress as a form of free speech is only a tiny part of the meaning they are actually trying to convey with their clothing. (p.67) Clothing is used to express identity...
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...you take from the larger conversation with others?•How did your feedback from peers and your instructor affect the revision of your blueprint, letter to the editor, and presentation? Ritu McDowell[19:32 ET]: 5 sources Ritu McDowell[19:32 ET]: •You are writing a paper that makes an argument. Its goal is to persuade others of the value of your Big Idea.•You are using outside research to support this argument, but your paper and presentation should focus on your own ideas and use your own analysis of this outside research to make the argument.Essay:Content: Includes a compelling introduction with a logical persuasive thesis statement and a conclusion that effectively wraps up the essay. Supports main points effectively and clearly (no logical fallacies, outside sources used to support arguments where appropriate) and skillfully refutes counter-arguments without ignoring data that contradicts the student’s thesis. Shows original thought. Refers to at least 5 secondary sources in the body of the paper and on the references page. At least two of these sources are scholarly books or articles from the Kaplan Library or an academic database like Google Scholar. Other sources are appropriate for an academic audience.Meets 5-7 page length requirement (this does not include the title and references page).Significantly...
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