...The vast majority of the departments, agencies, and commissions that make up the federal bureaucracy today were created by Congress through legislative acts. Congress is unable to act in a bubble though, due to the nature of the system’s built-in checks and balances, Congress must first get the president’s “buy off” which is represented by his signature. Although Congress has the authority to create these agencies (with the president’s agreement of course), the Constitution designated the president as the person responsible for implementing and administering the decisions and actions of the bureaucracy. “As chief executive, the president is constitutionally charged with ensuring that the laws be faithfully executed” (Harrison, Harris, and Deardorff 391). The resulting tension between Congress, as the creators of the bureaucracy, and the president, as the executive in charge of the bureaucracy, is just one of the tugs-of-war that the bureaucracy is subjected to that affect their behavior and ultimately the amount of control the president is able to wield over them. Originally, the federal bureaucracy had a modest role. In 1789, George Washington headed a federal bureaucracy of three departments: State (Foreign Affairs), War, and Treasury; and two offices: Attorney General’s Office and Postal Services Office. At this limited size, structure, and function; the bureaucracy was much more manageable so the president was able to have a better handle on it and hence exert more...
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...Checks and Balances. | Checks and Balances | Checks and Balances is an elaborate system that is written into the US Constitution that requires the divided branches of government to all work together to make any major decisions. Originally, this system was designed so that no one branch of government overpowered the others. A single branch cannot act decisively without the support of the other branches. The three branches of government in the US are designed to overlap so that Checks and Balances can succeed. | Checks and Balances Over the years, the US system of Checks and Balances has had its share of ups and downs. The Checks and Balances system is meant to be used as a buffer between the three branches of the US Government (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial) to make sure no one branch over powers the others. The issue that I see with this is party divides. Although the Constitution wrote the three branches and checks and balances into it, they...
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...verify its proper execution, is distributed among different departments. These department are kept logically and physically apart, and no one department can complete a transaction all on its own. For example, the purchasing department orders goods, the stores-department receives and compares them with the respective purchase orders, the quality assurance department inspects and verifies their quality, the accounts department verifies the invoice amount, and only then the comptroller authorizes the payment for the purchase. This process emphasizes interdependence without interference, and creates a data trail or paper trail for auditing. While we can define it in a Government parliament as Governmental Extension of the separation of powers doctrine, under which each branch of a government can (if necessary) counter the actions or decisions of the other branches. This arrangement ensures transparency, and prevents domination of the government by any branch. In the system set up by the U.S. Constitution, the national government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. These three branches are not independent of one another because the...
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...EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 292 INSTITUTING THE “ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF 1987” WHEREAS, the Administrative Code currently in force was first forged in 1917 when the relationship between the people and the government was defined by the colonial order then prevailing; chanroblespublishingcompany WHEREAS, efforts to achieve an integrative and over-all recodification of its provisions resulted in the Administrative Code of 1978 which, however, was never published and later expressly repealed; WHEREAS, the effectiveness of the Government will be enhanced by a new Administrative Code which incorporates in a unified document the major structural, functional and procedural principles and rules of governance; and WHEREAS, a new Administrative Code will be of optimum benefit to the people and Government officers and employees as it embodies changes in administrative structures and procedures designed to serve the people; NOW, THEREFORE, I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the Philippines, by the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby promulgate the Administrative Code of 1987, as follows: INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS SECTION 1. Title. — This “Administrative Code of 1987.” Act shall be known as the SECTION 2. General Terms Defined. — Unless the specific words of the text, or the context as a whole, or a particular statute, shall require a different meaning: (1) Government of the Republic of the Philippines refers to the corporate governmental entity through which the functions of...
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...* ortfolio * Help * FOUN1301 Law, Governance, Economy and Society | S3 15/16 Page path * Home / ► * Semester 3 15/16 / ► * FOUN1301 | S3 / ► * General / ► * Graded Discussion 2 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form SearchSearch forums Bottom of Form Graded Discussion 2 Second graded discussion question: Graded Discussion 2: Opens June 13 closes June 17, 2016 @ 3:30 pm (EC Time) (15 marks). Question: Evaluate whether the Westminster model system of government adopted by English speaking Caribbean countries accommodates corruption Graded Discussion 2 by Sophia De La Rosa Williams - Wednesday, 15 June 2016, 9:05 AM Westminster system of Government can be defined as a democratic,parliamentary system of Government modelled after that of the United Kingdom system , as used in the Palace of Westminster (the Parliament of the United Kingdom).This system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature.It is used in most commonwealth nations.Corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It can be classified as grand,petty and political,depending on the on the amount of money, lost and the sector where it occurs.According to Arnold Heidenheimer corruption is "perversion or destruction of integrity in the discharge of public duties by bribery or favour".I think it is safe to say that corruption and the Westminster system go hand in hand, the Westminster system has an inbuilt lack of checks and balances...
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...Departments In A Bank As soon as it becomes necessary, on account of volume of business, to divide the work in a bank into divisions, each employing a group of clerks, such division is organized into a department having a department head who is usually a teller, a head bookkeeper, or perhaps a junior officer. In the very large banks the executive staff is itself organized into groups, and there may be a vice - president and one or two assistant cashiers in charge of each important department. The work of a department in a large bank is nothing more nor less than the work of a single man in a small bank, apportioned among several men. For example, the receiving teller in a five-man bank will take the deposit, count the cash, examine the checks, assort them as to place payable, enter them upon the proper records and make a settlement or proof at the end of the day. In a large bank each of these operations is performed by a different man or group of clerks under the direction of the receiving teller, who is head of the department. It may be that he himself will do very little if any of the detail work. He becomes the manager. Frequently we find a department within a department, as for example, the money department within the paying teller's department. The ordinary departments, classified as to group, may be described as follows: Paying Teller's Department (Teller): Pays or certifies checks. In charge of the signature book or cards bearing the authorized signatures of all depositors...
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...• • • • • Principles of the Australian Parliamentary System Government)–!The!government!is!the!party!or!coalition!of!parties!that!wins!the!most!seats!in!the!House!of!Representatives! Parliament)–!Consists!of!a!group!of!elected!representatives!and!a!person!who!represents!the!Queens.!In!the!federal!parliament!that!person!is!the! Governor>General.!Parliaments!make!the!laws!for!a!country/state! Crown)–!The!monarch!is!represented!by!a!governor/governor>general.!Refers!to!the!position,!power,!or!dominion!of!a!monarch.!The!monarch!as! Head!of!State! Separation)of)Powers)–!The!three!branches!of!power!(executive,!legislative!and!judicial)! Federal)System)–!The!power!to!govern!is!divided!by!the!Commonwealth!and!states.! Bicameral)–!A!bicameral!parliament!consists!of!two!chambers!or!houses! Minister)–!A!minister!is!both!a!member!of!parliament!and!a!member!of!the!executive.!This!means!a!minister!is!usually!in!charge!of!a!government! department!that!is!responsible!for!enacting!the!law! ! Australian Parliamentary System Under!the!Australian!federal!system!of!government,!the!country!is!divided!into!states!and!territories!each!with!its!own!parliament!–!making!a!total!of!9! parliaments.! • Commonwealth,)6)States,)2)Territories! They! are! elected! by! the! people! and! represent! the! needs! of! the! people.! Members! are! also! responsible! to! the! parliament! and! the! people! for! their! actions.!The)APS)is)based)on)the)Westminster)system)that)was)adopted)by)the)Commonwealth)constitution)in)1900...
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...that enough people considered it such a serious problem that it required increased government action. Another example is crime. American society tolerates a certain level of crime; however, when crime rises dramatically or is perceived to be rising dramatically, it becomes an issue for policymakers to address. Specific events can place a problem on the agenda. The flooding of a town near a river raises the question of whether homes should be allowed to be built in a floodplain. New legislation on combating terrorism (the USA Patriot Act, for example) was a response to the attacks of September 11, 2001. 2. Formulation and adoption Policy formulation means coming up with an approach to solving a problem. Congress, the executive branch, the courts, and interest groups may be involved. Contradictory proposals are often made. The president may have one approach to immigration reform, and the opposition-party members of Congress may have another. Policy...
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...The American Political System The American political system is based on two historical yet very important documents, the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitution (1789). Each document serves a distinct purpose; The Declaration of Independence states the country as a free independent nation, separate from the European countries many settlers migrated from, and the Constitution lays the baseline from which the federal government is formed and executed. The US Constitution lays the framework for the separation of power between the nation’s three governing branches, the executive branch, the judiciary system, and the legislature. The separation of power amongst the three branches along with the different terms served by each member of the corresponding branches, avoids the monarchial system most Americans of the time were familiar with from Great Britain, France and the likes of the various European nations America’s immigrants hail from. The political system up to this day is unique but leaves too many national issues to be lost in legalities, slowing the nation down while political and economic developments move faster and faster in our modern world. We will examine the US governmental process through political, economic, and social dimensions. In addition, we will discuss the character of American society, and the change in society throughout American history. The political aspect of American government is built on bureaucracies who handle the different flavors...
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...assignment: 1) Branches of Government: Through separation of powers, the U.S. Constitution established aCongress and gives the power to LEGISLATE or make the law in certain areas, provides a chiefEXECUTIVE (POTUS) whose function is to execute or enforce the laws, and helps create a federalJUDICIARY to interpret the laws. (chapter 1 page 2) Branches of Government were created by our forefathers so that one man/woman wouldn’thave all the powers to make all and any decision he/she wanted to make. By creating the threebranches of government, the Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary, the founding fathers of thisnation would ensure we as Americans wouldn’t be ruled by a king, but rather a well-balancedgovernment. As it says in our text, the Legislative branch of the Government (Congress) is the law makingbranch for the nation. Congress outlines and establishes the laws to be upheld by every citizenof the United States. The Executive branch (POTUS) is designed to enforce laws upon theAmerican people and be a figure head for the people at the highest level of government. TheJudiciary branch (Courts) was established to correct those that failed to follow the laws at thefederal and local levels while providing their interpretation of the laws created by congresstherefore closing the loop in our federal government. http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/ 2) Case Law: Or Common law is law made and applied by judges as they decide cases notgoverned by statutes or other types of law. (chapter...
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...to the separation of powers in America the legislature, executive and judiciary are all completely separate which means to get items pasts of decisions made, people from each of these 3 main sections needs to do work. As the president is only head of the executive, he must rely on the support of other people to get hi desired bills and legislation passed. From this comes the argument that his only real main power is to persuade, as it is the 3 departments combined which actually do the work and all he has done is persuade people in these departments to side with him. The president actually has many specific powers he has responsibility for, ranging from the proposition of legislations, submitting the annual bill and veto of legislation, to acting as chief executive, negotiating treaties and acting as the overall commander-in-chief. These powers burden the president with great responsibility; he is looked to for advice and guidance from all areas of government. The president is the chief executive of the United States, putting him at the head of the executive branch of the government, whose responsibility is to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed.” To carry out this duty, the president is given control of the four million employees of the federal executive branch. The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove purely executive officials at his discretion, giving him great powers of...
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...great detail the newly proposed system of judicial government. The author of these papers was Alexander Hamilton. John Jay, and James Madison contributed to the other parts of the Federalist. The most interesting aspect of the judicial branch is the way it fits into the system that also is comprised of the Executive branch, and the legislative branch. Alexander Hamilton writes, “The judiciary, from the nature of its functions, will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the constitution; because it will be least in a capacity to annoy or injure them”. The executive branch can be viewed as the, “sword of the community”, and the legislative has the power to create the laws the all citizens of the United States must follow (Hamilton 78). The brilliant thing is even though it seems the judicial branch of government does not carry as much power, it never states that in Hamilton’s letters due to the fact that the judicial branch is considered an “indispensable ingredient” (Hamilton 78). The power of the judicial branch may be considered not as direct as the other branches, but is still powerful nonetheless. The legislative branch and executive branch together have the power and ability to pass laws that the people must follow, but who keeps those two branches within their own boundaries? The answer is the judicial branch, due to the fact that the judicial branch has no authority to audit the constitution, but every authority to uphold it. The statement...
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...Assignment 1: Social Media Medina 1 Prof: LEG 100: Business Law 1 July 25, 2013 Medina 2 A few years ago I jumped on the social media bandwagon after being introduced to it by my father. I was always a little skeptical about social media because of all negative that I had heard about it. Now, I love it because there is a lot of positive about social media as far as I am concerned. Social media is an asset to marketing, and it is fun for personal use as well. I am fan of Facebook so I will discuss how it can direct consumers to a better source of purchasing. A Legally Astute Marketing Manager According to our text a legally astute manger has four components; a set of value-laden attitudes about the importance of law to the firm’s success; a proactive approach to regulation and legal issues; the ability to exercise informed judgment when managing the legal aspects of business; the appropriate use of legal tools and context specific knowledge of the law (Bagley, 2013, p. 11). The legally astute social media marketing manager has to take those components a step further. The legally astute social media marketing manager must embrace social media and its networking power to drive sustainable change in the...
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...government and their functions? How are powers balanced in the U.S. government? How does each branch of government make law? Give examples. The Constitution of the Unites States outlines three branches of government: Legislative Branch, Executive Branch, and Judicial Branch. These three branches of the government each have their place and function because the federal government was designed to utilize the separation of powers, or checks and balances. The reason it was designed in this manner is due to the fact the framers of the U.S. Constitution did not want one particular branch of government to become too powerful; in essence, each branch of government depends on the others in order to make decisions and get laws enforced. Legislative Branch: The Legislative Branch of government consists of Congress which is comprised of the Senate and House of Representatives. It is the duty of this branch of government to make the laws of our country. This branch also determines how taxes are paid and also how to utilize tax funds. Although each house of Congress meets separately within the Capitol, they can join together, if needed, to make joint decisions. Executive Branch: The Executive Branch of government consists of the President, Vice President, and the major departments of the Federal Government: Department of Defense, Labor Department, state Department, etc. The leaders of these major departments, along with the President and...
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..._ Collective dilemmas in Congress, the executive branch, the bureaucracy, and the courts, and how these collective dilemmas are overcome CONGRESS:2 main organized features: Committee System helps solve collective dilemmas. Executive branch has grown and bureaucracy. So he faces principal agent. Bureaucrats are his agents and he is the principle. _ Structure of Congress _ Qualifications for members of Congress senate- 30, citizen 9 years, live in state house- 25, citizen 7 years, live in state _ Reapportionment redistribution 435 seats in the house of reps after the census _ Drawing congressional district lines (Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), redistricting, gerrymandering, cracking, packing, racial and partisan gerrymandering, political consequences of gerrymandering) This decision requires each state to draw its U.S. Congressional districts so that they are approximately equal in population. Redistricting to favor a political party. Cracking= Spreading like-minded voters apart across multiple districts to dilute their voting power in each. This denies the group representation in multiple districts Packing= Concentrating like-minded voters together in one district to reduce their voting power in other districts. _ Individualism in Congress (including factors that contribute to it) _ Single-member districts electoral district in which a single person is reelected _ Plurality elections determining an elections winner by who ever receives the most votes...
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