...CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Questions, Exercises, Problems, and Cases: Answers and Solutions 1.1 The first question at the end of each chapter requires the student to review the important concepts or terms discussed in the chapter. In addition to the definitions or descriptions in the chapter, the end of the book has a glossary. 1.2 Titles could be Controller, Vice-President of Finance, or Chief Financial Officer. 1.3 The two major uses of managerial accounting information are (1) information for managerial decision making (for example, make-or-buy decisions, store closure decisions, capital investment decisions), and (2) information for managerial control and performance evaluation (for example, budgeting, comparing actual performance with norms or standards). The first use, which is the focus of Part II of this book, usually requires special purpose reports that estimate how revenues, costs, and investments will differ among the alternatives being considered. The second use, which is the focus of Part III of this book, usually involves routine monthly, quarterly, and annual performance reports. Information for planning requires estimates of future costs, revenues, and other data, while information for performance evaluation is generally based on data about the past. 1.4 Total Quality Management (TQM) means the organization is managed to excel on all dimensions and quality is ultimately defined by the customer. Under total quality management, performance...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction Discussion Questions 1. In the domestic case, accounting is an information service that provides financial information about a domestic entity to domestic users of that information. International accounting is distinctive in that the entity being reported on is either a multinational company with operations and transactions that transcend national boundaries or involves an entity with reporting obligations to readers who are located outside the reporting entity’s country of domicile. 2. Advantage: Some might argue that measurement, disclosure, and external auditing are three distinct (although related) processes, involving different members of the company. For example, corporate attorneys often are involved in disclosure issues, but seldom intervene in measurement issues. The Board of Directors works with the external auditors but not necessarily with the comptroller s office. Thus, discussion of accounting requirements and voluntary accounting choices in different jurisdictions is simplified by focusing on the three components of accounting. Disadvantage: measurement, disclosure and auditing are interdependent, and should not be viewed in isolation of one another. A company choosing to disclose as little as possible, for example, may use accounting measurement approaches that reduce the information content of financial statements, and select an external auditor who will be relatively lenient in enforcing accounting requirements. One alternative...
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...Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting: Theory and Practice, 10e (Freeman) Chapter 1 Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting—Environment and Characteristics 1. Which of the following would not be considered a government or nonprofit organization? A. A software company that sells software exclusively to state and local governments. B. A public elementary school. C. A church. D. A private trust organized for charitable purposes. (Answer: A; Easy; LO1) 2. Which of the following activities would most likely be accounted for as a business-type activity? A. Fire protection. B. Recreation. C. Water operations. D. Street maintenance. (Answer: C; Moderate; LO1) 3. Prior to the creation of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board in 1984, which of the following organizations had the greatest influence over accounting concepts, principles, and standards for the state and local governments? A. The National Council on Governmental Accounting (NCGA) B. The National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). C. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). D. The Comptroller General of the United States. (Answer: A; Moderate; LO1) 4. Which of the following is considered a health and welfare organization? A. Secondary schools. B. Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA). C. Child protection agencies. D. United Way. (Answer: C; Easy; LO2) 5. Which of the...
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...CHAPTER 1 The Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1-1 The explosion in e-commerce will affect managerial accounting in significant ways. One effect will be a drastic reduction in paper work. Millions of transactions between businesses will be conducted electronically with no hard-copy documentation. Along with this method of communicating for business transactions comes the very significant issue of information security. Businesses need to find ways to protect confidential information in their own computers, while at the same time sharing the information necessary to complete transactions. Another effect of e-commerce is the dramatically increased speed with which business transactions can be conducted. In addition to these business-to-business transactional issues, there will be dramatic changes in the way managerial accounting procedures are carried out, one example being e-budgeting, which is the enterprise-wide and electronic completion of a company’s budgeting process. 2. Plausible goals for the organizations listed are as follows: (a) Amazon.com: (1) To achieve and maintain profitability, and (2) to grow on-line sales of books, music, and other goods. (b) American Red Cross: (1) To raise funds from the general public sufficient to have resources available to meet any disaster that may occur, and (2) to provide assistance to people who are victims of a disaster...
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...INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING I (ACC 221) 21 Aug 2013 - 15 Oct 2013 TEACHER: Dr. Joseph L. Ilk, CPA, CMA, CVA, CPCM TELEPHONE: Office: (703) 805-4473 Home: (540) 582-6008 E-mail: jilk@nvcc.edu If you e-mail me, please put “ACC 221" and either "E40W" or "E80W" ” in the subject line. If you do not I will not recognize the e-mail and will delete the file. The student needs to put their First and Last Name in the e-mail so I know who it came from. OFFICE HOURS: Mon-Fri 8:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m.I check my e-mail (jilk@nvcc.edu) every day. NOVA IT Helpdesk: (703) 426-4141 CONNECT HELPDESK: (800) 331-5094 PRE-REQUISITES: ACC 212 - Principles of Accounting II I. THE COURSE: ACC 221, intermediate accounting covers accounting principles and theory, including a review of the accounting cycle and accounting for current assets, current liabilities, and investments. Introduces various accounting approaches and demonstrates the effect of these approaches on the financial statement users II. SCOPE: The study will cover but not be limited to the following areas: Theoretical structure of financial accounting Time value of money Review of the accounting process Cash and receivables Balance sheet Inventories Income statement Plant, property, and equipment Cash flow statement Investments Income measurement and profitability analysis III. Course Learning Objectives: * Comprehend the environment and theoretical...
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...PART Overview of Accounting Information Systems Chapter 1 The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective 3 Introduction to Transaction Processing 31 Ethics, Fraud, and Internal Control 91 Chapter 2 I Chapter 3 1 CHAPTER The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective nlike many other accounting subjects, such as intermediate accounting, accounting information systems (AIS) lacks a well-defined body of knowledge. Much controversy exists among college faculty as to what should and should not be covered in the AIS course. To some extent, however, the controversy is being resolved through legislation. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 established new corporate governance regulations and standards for public companies registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This wide-sweeping legislation impacts public companies, their management, and their auditors. Of particular importance to AIS students is the impact of SOX on internal control standards and related auditing procedures. Whereas SOX does not define the entire content of the AIS course, it does identify critical areas of study that need to be included for accountants. These topics and more are covered in the chapters of this text. The purpose of this chapter is to place the subject of AIS in perspective for accountants. Toward this end, the chapter is divided into three major sections, each dealing with a different aspect of information systems. The first section explores the...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING Chapter Outline I. International accounting is an extremely broad topic. A. At a minimum it focuses on the accounting issues unique to multinational corporations, especially with respect to foreign operations. B. At the other extreme it encompasses the study of the various functional areas of accounting in all countries of the world, as well as the activities of a number of supranational organizations. C. This book provides an overview of the broadly defined area of international accounting, with a focus on the accounting issues encountered by multinational companies engaged in international trade and invested in foreign operations. II. There are several accounting issues encountered by companies involved in international trade. A. One issue is the accounting for foreign currency-denominated export sales and import purchases. An important issue is how to account for changes in the value of the foreign currency-denominated account receivable (payable) that occur as exchange rates fluctuate. B. A related issue is the accounting for derivative financial instruments, such as forward contracts and foreign currency options, used to hedge the foreign exchange risk associated with foreign currency transactions. III. There is an even greater number of accounting issues encountered by companies that have made a direct investment in a foreign operation. These issues primarily result from the fact that GAAP...
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...Solutions Manual to accompany ACCOUNTING: an introduction Compiled by D. Harvey and M. Jenner Chapter 1 - Introduction to Accounting and Finance Suggested Solutions Discussion Questions 1.1 The AASB Framework suggests the report users need to be both competent and diligent. Therefore, it is not assumed that financial reports will be readily read and understood by the lay readers, but rather that the readers will be proficient in accounting and finance (aptitude and application). 1.2 Basically comprised of: a) Transactions – buy; sell; borrow; lend b) Transformations – convert raw materials via labour and overhead to finished goods c) Other economic events – natural disasters (flood; fire); economic events (recession; inflation); regulation (exchange rate restrictions; import restrictions; banned substances). This relates to usefully repacking the financial data: a) Classify b) Summarise c) Record Financial reports a) Statement of Comprehensive Income (Financial Performance) b) Statement of Cash Flows c) Statement of Financial Position 1.3 Planning is concerned with providing direction for future activity. Control can be defined as compelling events to conform to the plan. 1.4 The organisations’ mission represents its...
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...Chapter 1 Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting AACSB assurance of learning standards in accounting and business education require documentation of outcomes assessment. Although schools, departments, and faculty may approach assessment and its documentation differently, one approach is to provide specific questions on exams that become the basis for assessment. To aid faculty in this endeavor, we have labeled each question, exercise and problem in Intermediate Accounting, 7e with the following AACSB learning skills: Questions 1–1 1–2 1–3 1–4 1–5 1–6 1–7 1–8 1–9 1–10 1–11 1–12 1–13 1–14 1–15 1–16 1–17 1–18 1–19 1–20 1–21 1–22 1–23 1–24 1–25 1–26 1–27 1–28 1–29 AACSB Tags Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking 1–30 1–31 1–32 Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Brief Exercises 1–1 1–2 1–3 1–4 1–5 1–6 AACSB Tags Analytic Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking...
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...Chapter 1—Introduction to Accounting Information Systems TRUE/FALSE 1. The three themes of the text are operating systems, e-business, and internal control. ANS: F 2. In an assurance service the accountant will provide the original information used for decision making. ANS: F 3. Financial care for the elderly has been identified by the AICPA as a potential assurance service. ANS: T 4. Wireless technologies was identified as one of the ten most important 2006 technological challenges and opportunities facing CPAs. ANS: T 5. Knowledge of Microsoft Access was identified as one of the ten most important 2006 technological challenges and opportunities facing CPAs. ANS: F 6. Enterprise systems provide complete integration of an organization’s business events and information processing systems. ANS: T 7. An information system consists of an integrated set of computer-based and manual components established to provide information to users. ANS: T 8. Internal control is a process that provides complete assurance that the organization is meeting its objectives, such as efficiency and effectiveness of operations and reliable reporting. ANS: F 9. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has dramatically changed the daily work of financial accountants and auditors. ANS: T 10. According to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, management must identify, document, and evaluate significant internal controls. ANS: T 11. According to the...
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...Problem 5-37 (1) Machine setups 5 setups x $2,000 = $10,000 Raw materials 10,000 pounds x $2.00 = 20,000 Hazardous materials 2,000 pounds x $5.00= 10,000 Inspections 10 inspections x $75.00= 750 Machine hours 500 machine hours x $10= 5,000 Total $45,750 (2) Overhead cost per box $45,750/1,000 = $45.75 (3) Single predetermined rate $625,000/20,000 = $31.25 (4a) Raw material 10,000 pounds x $2 = $20,000 Machine hours 500 machine hours x $10 = 5,000 Budgeted overhead 500 machine hours x $31.25 = 15,625 $40,625 (b) Per box of chemicals $40,625/1,000 = $40.63 (5) These two product costing systems result in such widely differing costs because of the inaccuracy of the traditional single volume based overhead rate. The use of machine hours in the pre-determined rate does not reflect the usage of other activities during production. I would recommend the activity based costing system because of the accuracy of costs for each product, and it results in much better control over overhead costs. (6) Problem 5-38 (1) Machine setups 3 setups x $2,000 = $6,000 Raw material 900 pounds = 1,800 Hazardous material 300 pounds = 1,500 Inspections 3 inspections = 225 Machine hours 50 machine hours = 500 Total $10,025 $10,025/100 = $100.25 + $120 +$40 = $260.25 (2) Problem 5-35 (1) Type A predetermined overhead rate: Direct material...
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...CHAPTER 1 The Accounting Environment: What Is Accounting and Why Is It Done? QUESTIONS Q1-1. A variety of answers are possible but the essential elements are the production and communication of information so that stakeholders can make decisions. Q1-2. Financial accounting is concerned with providing information to those outside an entity such as investors, lenders, and CRA. Managerial accounting provides information to those inside the entity such as managers and other decision makers. Table 1.3 provides differences: Table 1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FINANCIAL AND MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING | |Financial Accounting |Managerial Accounting | |Stakeholders |External to the entity. Includes investors, |Internal to the entity. Managers and other | | |lenders, taxation authorities (such as the |employees. | | |Canada Revenue Agency), competitors, and many | | | |others. These stakeholders usually don’t have | | | |direct access to information about the entity | | | ...
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...(1) Uses of Accounting Information and the Financial Statements a. Accounting as an Information System i. Accounting is an information system that measures, processes, and communicates financial information about an economic entity. Accountants focus on the needs of decision makers. ii. External decision makers use financial accounting reports to evaluate how well a business has achieved its goals. These reports are called financial statements. iii. The primary external users of accounting information are investors and creditors. Users with indirect financial interests include, among others, tax authorities (IRS) and regulatory agencies (SEC). b. The Corporate Form of Business i. There are three basic forms of business: 1. Sole Proprietorship: One person is the owner, takes all the profits or losses of the business, and is liable for all of its obligations. 2. Partnership: Two or more owners (“partners”) share the profits and losses of the business according to a prearranged formula. Legally, there is no economic separation between the owners and the business. This unlimited liability of its partners is a key disadvantage of a partnership. 3. Corporation: A business unit chartered by the state that is legally separate from its owners (“stockholders”). Stockholders enjoy limited liability. 4. Limited Liability Company (MM addition): c. The Financial Statements and their Elements i. Income Statement 1. Many people consider the income statement (aka the “Statement...
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...Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making 5th Edition Chapter 1 1. Forms of Business Organizations * Sole proprietorship: owned by one person * Easy to set up * Gives you control * Examples: barber shops, law offices, auto repair shops * Partnership: business owned by two or more people * More economic resources * Unique skills and resources * Important to have written partnership agreement forms * Examples: retail and service-type businesses, professional practices * Corporation: business owned by stockholders * Easy to sell (transfer ownership) * Consists of stockholders and investors * Easier to raise funds * Examples: Coca-Cola, General Motors, ExxonMobil * Hybrid Business: tax advantages of partnerships and limited liability of corporations * Taxes and legal liability are important * Sole proprietorship have more favorable tax treatments but personally liable for debts and legal obligations 2. Users and Uses of Financial Information * Accounting: information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users * Users: internal users and external users * Internal Users: managers who plan, organize, and run a business * Examples: marketing managers, production supervisors, finance directors, and company officers * Accounting provides internal reports (financial...
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...CHAPTER 1: Exercise 14 If Ken stayed open on Saturdays, the added income would be $130,000 per year ($2,500 x 52), while the additional costs are shown to be $1,000 ($700 + $500 + $100 + $200). Using these two figures, we can calculate the opportunity cost (the loss from an opportunity not taken), which would be $1,500 ($2,500 - $1,000). To me, this says that Ken should keep his shop open on Saturday’s. Rent or depreciation of office equipment do not need to be calculated because these are fixed costs. They would not change regardless of how many days his shop is open nor his shops production. Also, rent of course would not change if his shop stays open on Saturday’s because rent covers the whole month. Problem 2 a.) If we reference 1-1 so we can see the production costs, we need to add the ingredient costs of $20,000 + labor costs of $12,000, totaling $32,000. Then divide that by the number of jars that actually produced (25,000). This equals $1.28/one jar of salsa. The incremental cost is calculated as follows: $1.28 x 50,000 (extra jars of salsa) = $64,000. b.) The revenue started out at $1,625,000 (325,000 jars x $5.00), while the new revenue would be $1,725,000 (375,000 x $4.60). After calculating the difference, we can see that the incremental revenue after the reduction of price would be $100,000 ($1,725,000 - $1,625,000). c.) Yes, he should lower the price of its salsa. Problem 4 a.) On page 6 of our text book, we learn about the Management...
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