...example, Shaw Communications Inc. reported total assets of $8.9 billion in 2009. Of this amount, only $2.5 billion is financed through shareholders' equity, with the balance, $6.4 billion, provided by debt in various forms. A sizeable portion of the debt is unearned revenue and deposits ($0.8 billion, or 9% of total assets) and long-term debt is 35% of total assets. Interest expense is reported at $237 million, eating up a significant portion of the reported $956 million in operating earnings. Appropriate measurement of these amounts is critical. This chapter reviews common liabilities, including both financial and non-financial liabilities. Technical measurement issues are reviewed in the context of bond liabilities. Chapter 13 will discuss accounting for share equity. Then, in Chapter 14, coverage returns to debt arrangements, those that have some attributes of debt and some attributes of...
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...Team 2: Defend the asset/liability approach of accounting for inter-period income tax allocation. The asset/liability method of income tax allocation is balance sheet oriented. The intent is to accrue and report the total tax benefit or taxes payable that will actually be realized or assessed on temporary differences when their respective future taxable or deductible amounts are expected to occur. The book states 5 arguments: 1. The balance sheet is becoming more important financial statement. Reporting deferred taxes based on the expected tax rates when the temporary differences reverse increases the predictive value of future cash flows, liquidity, and financial flexibility. 2. Reporting deferred taxes based on the expected tax rates is conceptually more sound because the reported amount represents either the likely future economic sacrifice (future tax payment) or economic benefit (future reduction in taxes). 3. Deferred taxes may be the result of historical transactions, but, by definition, they are taxes that are postponed and will be paid (or will reduce taxes) in the future at the future tax rates. 4. Estimates are used extensively in accounting. The use of estimated future tax rates for deferred taxes poses no more of a problem regarding verifiability and reliability than using, say, estimated lives for depreciation. 5. Because the tax expense results from changes in balance sheet values, its measurement is consistent with the SFAC No. 6 and SFAS...
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...Chapter 16 Accounting for Income Taxes DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES Fundamental Concepts There are fundamental differences in the amount of income and expenses reported for GAAP and income tax purposes. The objective for GAAP reporting is to report the economic activities of the entity. The objective for income tax purposes is for the government to raise revenue. There are two terms that identify the types of income subject to tax under each reporting system. 1 Pretax financial income Pretax financial income is the income determined using GAAP. It is the amount of income on which income tax is computed for financial statement purposed. It is formally presented in the income statement as income before income taxes. We normally refer to it is pretax income. 2 Taxable income Taxable income is the income determined using Internal Revenue Code rules and regulations. It is the amount of income on which the entity will actually pay income tax in the current accounting period. Temporary Differences Deferred taxes arise as a result of temporary difference between income tax expense and income tax payable. A temporary difference is the difference between the book value of an asset or liability and the tax basis of the same asset or liability. If the income tax expense in the income statement is larger than the current income tax liability the difference is called a deferred tax liability. If the income tax expense in the income statement is smaller than the current...
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...1. Introduction Accounting treatment for income taxes for for-profit entities is subject to Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) 112 Income Taxes. In accounting for income tax, complying with tax-effect method involves the occurrence of tax consequences due to different treatments are applied for transactions and other events happened inside an entity for accounting and taxation purposes, namely current tax consequences and future tax consequences. The purpose of this report was to identify and analyze the reasoning behind the responsibility of exploration and development costs (E&D) for the creation of a deferred tax liability (DTL) and its treatments for both accounting and taxation purposes. Moreover, the analysis was performed with reference to case study of Gravatt Ltd., a company operating in the mining industry where its directors arguing on the disadvantages of applying tax-effect accounting standards of AASB 112 and rather not to comply with one. This report was not discussing only on the rationale behind deferred tax liabilities according to AASB Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements and AASB 112 Income Taxes, but also the comparison of the impact on information utility captured by the users of financial statements of Gravatt in case of recognizing and unrecognizing deferred tax liabilities to be reported on its annual reports. 2. Discussion 2.1 Deferred Tax Liabilities Deferred tax liabilities (DTL) can be defined...
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...Tax Law and Accounting University of Phoenix/ACCT 483 July 20, 2009 Tax Law and Accounting The history and time line of federal, state, and local tax systems within the United States follows events in history that have shaped the current tax laws of today. Today the law is almost inconceivable with so many interpretations and loopholes. In today’s business world not only are companies governed by federal income tax laws, but also accounting guideline established by the national framework of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Due to the complexity of the guidelines and tax laws, many questions arise with regard to the interpretations. Taxpayers may ask are the practices used to reduce taxes, tax avoidance, or tax evasion. History of Income Tax Income taxes can be traced through history, in colonial times; individual taxpayers had nothing to do with the federal taxing authorities. The government, instead, received income from excise taxes, tariffs, and custom duties. Prior to the Revolutionary War, colonies held more responsibility; therefore, needing greater access to revenues. Post Revolutionary War, in 1781, the Articles of Confederation was adopted. The article gave full rights to each State as an entity allowing the state to levy tax as each state saw fit. The idea of central government was still strongly rejected [ (Unknown, n.d.) ]. In 1789, the Constitution was adopted. At this time in history, the governing powers recognized that a need for resources...
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...In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board adopted IAS 12. IAS 12 has to do with the accounting treatment for Income Taxes. There have been many amendments and changes over the years with the last one being in 2010. The objective of International Accounting Standard 12 is to advise on the accounting treatment for income taxes. The main issue in accounting for income taxes is how to account for the current and future tax consequences of certain items. One item it advises on is the future recovery or settlement of the carrying amount of assets or liabilities that are recognized in an entity’s statement of financial position. The second main item the standard covers is transactions and other events of the current period that are recognized in an entity’s financial statements. It is essential in the recognition of an asset or liability that the reporting entity expects to recover or settle the carrying amount of that asset or liability. If it is probable that the recovery or settlement of that carrying amount will make future tax payments increase or decrease, this standard requires an entity to recognize a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability with certain limited exceptions. Tax consequences of transactions and events are accounted for in the same way they transactions and events are accounted for. This means that if an event or transaction affects profit or loss then the tax consequence will also affect profit or loss. If an event or transaction...
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...and Development costs creates a Deferred Tax Liability 2 2.2 Analysis on arguments by directors 3 2.2.1 No Income Tax Expenses 3 2.2.2 No deferred tax liability 4 2.2.3 Tax losses 5 2.3 Information utility to users of financial report of deferred tax liabilities 6 3.0 Conclusion 7 References 8 1.0 Introduction Accounting Standard AASB 112 (Income Taxes) prescribe the accounting treatment for income taxes. As stated by Leo, Hoggett, & Sweeting (2012), transactions undertaken by an entity and other events affecting the entity have two separate effects, which are current and future tax consequences. This is because accrual principal is applied on accounting treatment whereas income tax treatment uses the cash flow method. For accounting treatment, accounting profit is profit or loss for a period before deducting tax expense whereas for income tax treatment, taxable income described as gross income minus any allowable deduction. Difference between accounting and tax treatments lead to taxable temporary differences and deductible temporary differences. Discussion was carried out to determine how exploration and development cost create a deferred tax liability, analyse the argument presented by the directors in view of the AASB 112 and discuss the infromation ultility to readers of annual report of including or excluding deferred tax liability. 2.0 Discussion 2.1 Exploration and Development costs creates a Deferred Tax Liability As stated by Leo, Hoggett...
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...Tax Law and Accounting Craig ACC 483 June 21, 2010 Jeff Hough Modern taxation comes from a long history of changes in the United States beginning with the Revenue Act of 1861 that was designed to assist with funding the Civil War. This tax was repealed 10 years later. “In 1894 Congress enacted a flat rate federal income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional the following year by the U.S. Supreme Court because it was a direct tax not apportioned according to the population of each state” (Terrell, 2009, History of Tax Law, para. 2). In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment enacted modern day federal income tax in the United States. Before 1913, the federal government relied on customs duties and excise taxes as its source of income. As America developed the U.S. government needed additional income to sustain its operations. The Sixteenth Amendment consisted of just one sentence: “The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration” (Pope, Anderson, & Kramer, 2010, p. 1-3). The implementation of income tax remains one of the most remarkable institutions created in this era. Modern Income Tax Statutes The primary objective of modern tax statutes is to generate revenue to sustain governmental operations. The largest source of federal revenues is individual income taxes. Other sources come from corporate income taxes and Social...
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... 300 Introduction – pg. 87 Tax accounting – the official reporting of income and expenses so a taxpayer’s taxable income for a particular period can be determined - The rules for determining when a business must recognize income and when it may deduct expense are referred to as the taxpayers method of accounting 301 Tax Accounting Distinguished from Financial Accounting - two sets of books because two different governing bodies Financial accounting – intended to provide useful information about a business so that management, owners, potential investors, creditors and other interested parties can make well informed investment, credit and other decisions - must prepare according to GAAP - accrual method – events reported in the accounting period in which they are earned or incurred rather than when its paid or received Tax accounting records – focuses on items of income and expense that are important for determining taxable income For external (financial) reporting – GAAP allows a business to choose among various acceptable accounting methods - management interested in making business look successful and thriving Tax accounting – goal is to pay least amount of taxes as legally possible Accounting Periods – pg. 89 - tax year – period of time taxpayers use to calculate taxable income o may or may not be the same as the annual accounting period used for financial reporting purposes o no constitutional requirement that income be calculated on an annual basis...
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...Accounting for Income Taxes I. Overview – Accounting for income taxes involves both intraperiod and interperiod tax allocation. Intraperiod allocation matches a portion of the provision for income tax to the applicable components of net income and retained earnings. Income for federal tax purposes and financial accounting income frequently differ. Income for federal tax purposes is computed in accordance with the prevailing tax laws, whereas financial accounting income is determined in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, a company’s income tax expense and income taxes payable may differ. The incongruity is caused by temporary differences in taxable and/or deductible amounts and requires interperiod tax allocation. II. Intraperiod Tax Allocation – Intraperiod Tax Allocation involves apportioning the total tax provision for financial accounting purposes in a period between the income or loss from: a. Income from continuing operations b. Discontinued operations c. Extraordinary items d. Cumulative effect of an accounting change e. Other comprehensive income i. Pension Adjustment ii. Unrealized gain/loss on available for sale security iii. Foreign translation adjustment f. Components of stockholders’ equity iv. Retained earnings for prior period adjustments and v. Items of accumulated (other) comprehensive income g. General Rule – Any amount not allocated to continuing operations...
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...Chapter 16 Accounting for Income Taxes AACSB assurance of learning standards in accounting and business education require documentation of outcomes assessment. Although schools, departments, and faculty may approach assessment and its documentation differently, one approach is to provide specific questions on exams that become the basis for assessment. To aid faculty in this endeavor, we have labeled each question, exercise, and problem in Intermediate Accounting, 7e, with the following AACSB learning skills: Questions 16–1 16–2 16–3 16–4 16–5 16–6 16–7 16–8 16–9 16–10 16–11 16–12 16–13 16–14 16–15 AACSB Tags Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Diversity, Reflective thinking Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Reflective thinking Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Exercises (cont.) 16–6 16–7 16–8 16–9 16–10 16–11 16–12 16–13 16–14 16–15 16–16 16–17 16–18 16–19 16–20 16–21 16–22 16–23 16–24 16–25 16–26 16–27 16–28 16–29 16–30 AACSB Tags Reflective thinking Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Communications Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic, Reflective thinking Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic...
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...13 chapter TAX ACCOUNTING OBJECTIVES After completing Chapter 13, you should be able to: 1. List what are permissible tax years. 2. Explain the requirements for changing a tax year. 3. Identify the available accounting methods. 4. Understand the rules for accounting method changes. 5. Account for the capitalization of inventory costs. 6. Describe long-term contract reporting. 7. Defi ne the installment method of accounting. 13–2 CCH FEDERAL TAXATION—COMPREHENSIVE TOPICS OVERVIEW The fi rst 12 chapters are presented primarily from the individual taxpayer’s point of view (including self-employed taxpayers). This chapter provides a general discussion of the previous material as it applies to other entities and provides a discussion of accounting periods and accounting methods as they apply to all entities. Discussions of specifi c provisions as they apply to other entities (e.g., corporations, partnerships, etc.) are contained in subsequent chapters. The term “fi nancial accounting” refers to the reporting of the fi nancial data of an enterprise through fi nancial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Income tax accounting, hereafter referred to as “tax accounting,” is concerned with the reporting of fi nancial data to satisfy the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, the Regulations which interpret the Code, rulings by the IRS which further interpret the Code and Regulations, and the decisions of the courts...
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...2011 Subject: Income tax treatment I appreciate that you choose me to deal with the questions for you, these are really good questions which we should pay attention to. In this memo, I would answer your questions about the specific treatment of your company’s income taxes according to my research in FASB Accounting Standard Codification and other sources. First, you ask about if the income taxes should be considered as an expense for financial reporting purpose. According to my research, I found that most accountants now agree that corporate income tax is an expense. Treating income tax as an expense is required under GAAP. This treatment is consistent with proprietary theory because the earnings that accrue to owners are reduced by corporate obligations to the government. Also, because the income tax does not result from transactions with owners, expensing corporate income tax is consistent with the SFAC No. 6 definition of comprehensive income. Thus, on the surface, accounting for income taxes would appear to be a nonissue. So for your company’s financial reporting, you should treat income taxes as an expense. Your second question is about the difference between intraperiod and interperiod tax allocation and how to differ these two, as well as the effect on financial reporting of these two methods. This is really a good question, because new start-up company would always be confused at this part. Intraperiod tax allocation method that allocates total income tax expense or benefit...
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...CHAPTER 20--INCOME TAXATION OF TRUSTS AND ESTATESCHAPTER 20--INCOME TAXATION OF TRUSTS AND ESTATES Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Tax planning motivations usually are secondary to other objectives in deciding whether to create a trust. True False 2. A trust might be used by one running for a political office. True False 3. Like a corporation, the fiduciary reports and pays its own Federal income tax liability. True False 4. An estate’s income beneficiary generally must wait until the entity is terminated by the executor to receive any distribution of income. True False 5. With respect to a trust, the terms creator, donor, and grantor are synonyms. True False 6. Corpus, principal, and assets of the trust are synonyms. True False 7. If provided for in the controlling agreement, a trust might terminate when the income beneficiary reaches age 35. True False 8. The decedent’s estate must terminate within four years of the date of death. True False 9. Trusts can select any fiscal Federal income tax year. True False 10. A complex trust pays tax on the income that it retains and adds to corpus. True False 11. A complex trust automatically is exempt from the Federal AMT. True False 12. The first step in computing an estate’s taxable income is the determination of its gross income for the year. True False 13. Generally, capital...
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...Every entity at the end of the accounting period will make financial record in order to determine the profit or loss during the period. Any income of the entity must be subject to the tax even though they are having profit or suffering loss. The accounting treatment for income taxes is determined by Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) 112 which adopts the tax effect method that incorporates both current and future tax consequences of “transactions and other events of the current period that are recognised in an entity’s financial statements and the future recovery (settlement) of the carrying amount of assets (liabilities) that are recognised in an entity’s statement of financial position”. Through this essay, the author wants to explain how unused tax losses create deferred tax assets, discuss whether these deferred tax assets satisfy definition and recognition criteria for assets according to the AASB Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements and would the answer change if the asset definition in the IASB / FASB proposed Conceptual Framework was applied. As the author is more focus on tax loss, therefore future tax consequences is only focus deferred tax asset. Future tax consequences incurred because there is differences between the carrying amount and the tax base which is known as a temporary differences. The future tax consequences of a temporary difference that decrease taxable income relative to accounting profit which is called as a...
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