...Adoption of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as an Important Piece of Legislation Accounting I 02/27/2011 Analyze the new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management, and public accounting firms that the SOX required. The main purpose of the Sarbanes Oxley Act was to establish an accountable system of regulations and policies to ensure proper compliance. The set of standards and deadlines the act put into place was mainly in response to an alarming amount of corporate and accounting scandals. With hopes of restoring the nation’s faith in its capital market, this government enacted legislation was divided into eleven sections that ranged from additional penalties to the establishment of a new accounting oversight committee, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Overall the new standards made publicly held corporations more liable for their actions or inactions, and even set in place procedures to apply to new legislation. The first tittle of the SOX established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), and their purpose was to deliver proper registration of all auditors as well as ensure proper compliance with specific mandates. Part of the first title was also the exact definition of specific processes and procedures that all auditors must adhere to while performing their duties. The board also established policies that emphasized the importance of policing conduct, verifying compliance, and ensuring exceptional quality control...
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...at its 333th meeting, revised the syllabus in a comprehensive manner in the following papers of Intermediate (IPC) and Final Course(s) as annexed herewith (shown in Bold cum Italics): Intermediate (IPC) Course Paper 1: Accounting (Group I) Paper 2: Business Laws, Ethics and Communication (Group I) Paper 5: Advanced Accounting (Group II) Paper 6: Auditing and Assurance (Group II) Final Course Paper 3: Advanced Auditing and Professional Ethics (Group I) Paper 4: Corporate and Allied Laws (Group I) Director, Board of Studies Annexure SYLLABUS PAPER 1: ACCOUNTING (One paper – Three hours – 100 Marks) Level of Knowledge : Working Knowledge Objectives : (a) To lay a foundation for the preparation and presentation of financial statements, (b) To gain working knowledge of the principles and procedures of accounting and their application to different practical situations, (c) To gain the ability to solve simple problems and cases relating to sole proprietorship, partnership and companies and (d) To familiarize students with the fundamentals of computerized system of accounting. Contents : 1. A General Knowledge of the framing of the accounting standards, national and international accounting authorities, adoption of international financial reporting standards Accounting Standards Working knowledge of: AS AS...
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...THE PUBLIC ACCOUNTING PROFESSION – INTEGRITY OF FINANCIAL REPORTING |LEARNING CHECK | 1. SEVERAL COMMON ATTRIBUTES OF ACTIVITIES DEFINED AS AUDITING ARE (A) SYSTEMATIC PROCESS, (B) OBJECTIVELY OBTAINING AND EVALUATING EVIDENCE, (C) ASSERTIONS ABOUT ECONOMIC ACTIONS AND EVENTS, (D) DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE, (E) ESTABLISHED CRITERIA, (F) COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS, AND (G) INTERESTED USERS. 2. A financial statement audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence about an entity's financial statements for the purpose of expressing an opinion on whether the statements are presented fairly in conformity with established criteria--usually GAAP. Thus, the nature of the auditor's report is an opinion on the fairness of the financial statement presentation. A compliance audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine whether certain financial or operating activities of an entity conform to specified conditions, rules, or regulations. A report on a compliance audit takes the form of a summary of findings or assurance regarding degree of compliance. An operational audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence about the efficiency and effectiveness of an entity's operating activities in relation to specified objectives. Reports on such audits include an assessment of efficiency and effectiveness and recommendations for improvements. 3. Independent auditors are individual practitioners or members of public accounting firms who render...
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...accountability in early 2000 led to the passing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX Act) of 2002. The primary purpose of the SOX Act is to overhaul the structure of corporate governance regulatory structure and impose stricter regulation and controls on the auditing, financial reporting and internal corporate governance procedures of corporations (Melvin, 2011). Significant portions of the Act are aimed towards creating solutions for specific failures in the auditing and accounting procedures of publically held companies. The Act also increased the jurisdiction, enforcement alternatives and enforcement budget of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) substantially (Melvin, 2011). The SOX Act of 2002 was implemented to effectively end corruption within publically held companies and restore the faith of investors in the corporate system, but how well is it working? The following is summary of the article “Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 (SOX) – 10 years later” which discusses the intentions of the SOX Act, the corruption and legislative environment which led to its implementation, and how its implementation has affected corporations and investors. History of legislation Prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002, the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 were passed in the purpose of providing investors comprehensive financial information and prohibiting dishonest dealings of securities, which included fraud, misrepresentation and omitting relevant financial information...
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...corporate governance and financial practices. Also like other regulatory requirements, some sections of the act are more pertinent to compliance than others. Sarbanes-Oxley has been called by many the most far-reaching U.S. securities legislation in years. Now, all companies required to file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have new duties for reporting and corporate obligation. Non-compliance comes with significant penalties. Compliance with the legislation is not a difficult task, it should be addressed with a method using proper analysis and study. Compliance should be part of the plan and implemented as a norm. The SOX is arranged into eleven titles. Within these titles the most important sections that have to deal with compliance are considered to be 302, 401, 404, 409, 802, and 906. According to "A Guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act" (2003)” Section 404 of the Act requires publicly traded companies to include the following information in their annual financial reporting: • A statement of management's responsibility for establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedures; • Management’s assessment, as of the end of the company's most recent fiscal year, of the effectiveness of the company's internal control structure and procedures; and • Outside auditor’s attestation to, and report on, management's assessment of the effectiveness of the company's internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, in accordance...
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...Role of the Finance Director The finance director is a key member of the board of directors fulfilling a crucial and complex role. The role of the finance director varies according to the size of the company involved. However, in general, he or she oversees all financial aspects of company strategy and is responsible for the flow of financial information to the chief executive, the board and, where necessary, external parties such as investors or financial institutions. What Are the Duties of a Finance Director? They are in charge of company finances, or work with the executive in charge of finance to make sure the company remains as profitable as possible. Financial directors typically have a degree and professional experience in accounting or finance. * Approve Company Budgets: Finance directors are responsible for approving all company related budget plans. Project managers who create project plans typically also include a proposed budget for the project. It is the duty of a financial director to review and approve of the budget based on available company budget and potentially profitability from the project. Financial directors also approve proposed annual or quarterly budgets for various departments in the company, such as marketing or development. Department or project managers should communicate regularly with financial directors to ensure their particular department or project remains on budget as work progresses. * Forecast Revenue: Financial directors...
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...CASE PREPARATION CHART Student Name | Ahmed Abdel rahman Mustafa Salim | Student ID | 1091105622 | Submission date | 31st March 2014 (Before 12:30pm) | Case title | A Delima | Section | Case 1 | ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ASSESSMENT To be filled by facilitator Components | Scores | Scores | | 1 mark | 2 marks | 3 marks | 4 marks | | Completeness of case chart | Case chart is incomplete | Some of the case chart requirements are met satisfactorily. | Most of the case chart requirements are met satisfactorily. | All case chart requirements is met satisfactorily. | | Submission | On-time submission | N/A | N/A | N/A | | TOTAL | | Case analysis STAGE 1 Issues Explain the main issues underlying the case. Place extra attention on the what, why and when. The main issue that was underlying the case is how to overcome the weaknesses, deficiencies and the dilemmas of a family-owned business discovered by the current auditor “Aziz & Co” and Cik Amy “Finance Executive”. Delima Enterprise Sdn Bhd founded in 1981 as sole proprietorship turning into a Private limited company in 2004. In May 2006, the Company had secure a contract worth RM750,000 to be implemented over six months , however, due to the shortage of the fund, the Company need to apply loan from Malayan Banking Berhad and CIMB Berhad totalling of 1 million. On the other hand, in order to get the banking facilities, the Company have...
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...2012). These actions provide increased investor assurance of the accuracy of public financial filings through improving their reliability and breadth of disclosure (Botes, 2012). The following report shows how the Act has impacted outside independent audit firms, the accuracy of public company financial statements and the cost of capital for public companies. The report further discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of the law, what changes should be made to it, and why the legislation cannot guarantee the accuracy of public company financial statements despite the attention CEOs and CFOs are paying to the law. Outside Independent Audit Firms Under SOX independent audit firms perform audit reviews of financial filings, in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), and under the direction of the Public Company Oversight Accounting Board (PCOAB), in order to assure the disclosure and accuracy of financial filings (Livingstone, 2003; Botes, 2012). Botes notes these reviews provide a uniform platform for sound financial reporting and act as a deterrent of fraudulent accounting practices (2012). She also stated the PCOAB, under the direction of the SEC, administers regulations and sets principles of accounting standards known as Generally Accepted Accounting Standards or GAAS (2012). Audit firms are inspected by the PCOAB, with their frequency determined by the number of audits conducted by the independent firm (American Institute of CPAs,...
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...2013 AAT Accounting Qualification specification Published October 2012 1 Level 2 Certificate in Accounting. Qualification number: 60069090 (Level 5 in Scotland) Title (and reference number) Level Credit value Learning outcomes The learner will… 1 Understand the cost recording system within an organisation Basic Costing 2 (Level 5 in Scotland) 8 (4 knowledge and 4 skills) Assessment criteria The learner can… 1.1 K 1.2 K 1.3 K 1.4 K 1.5 K 2 Be able to use the cost recording system to record or extract data 2.1 K 2.2 K 2.3 S Explain the nature of an organisation’s business transactions in relation to its accounting systems Explain the purpose and structure of a costing system within an organisation Identify the relationship between the costing and accounting systems within an organisation Identify sources of income and expenditure information for historic, current and forecast periods Identify types of cost, profit and investment centres Explain how materials, labour and expenses are classified and recorded Explain different methods of coding data Classify and code cost information for materials, labour and expenses Classify different types of inventory as: Raw materials Part-finished goods (work in progress) Finished goods Calculate inventory valuations and issues of inventory using these methods : First in first out (FIFO) Last in first out (LIFO) Weighted average Use these methods to calculate payments for labour: Time rate Piecework rate Bonuses Explain...
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...FCPA PAPER The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) evolved from investigations by the Office of the Special Prosecutor that provided evidence of illegal acts perpetrated by U.S. firms in foreign lands. More than 400 U.S. companies admitted to making questionable payments to various foreign governments and political parties as part of an amnesty program (U.S. Department of Justice http://www.usdoj.gov). Given the environment of the 1970s and the proliferation of white-collar crimes (e.g., insider trading, bribery, false financial statements, etc.), particularly the payments made to foreign officials by corporations, Congress felt obligated to introduce legislation that led to the act. Congress's objective was to restore confidence in the manner U.S. companies’ transacted business. The FCPA is unique. Throughout history, governments have had laws making it illegal for governmental officials to take a bribe. One basic provision of the FCPA is that it prohibits U.S. partnerships, companies, and organizations from not only giving payments but also offering or authorizing payments to foreign officials or political parties with the objective of encouraging or assuring business relationships. There are two types of bribery provisions. The first prohibits any bribes made directly by the U.S. company. The second prohibits any organization from knowingly arranging for a bribe through an intermediary. Many thought that the FCPA would place U.S. companies at a disadvantage in the...
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...as quantity and that the highest good involves the highest quality as well as quantity of pleasure. Herbert Spencer developed an evolutionary utilitarian ethics in which the principles of ethical living are based on the evolutionary changes of organic development. G. E. Moore, in hisPrincipia Ethica (1903), presented a version of utilitarianism in which he rejected the traditional equating of good with pleasure. Sarbanes Oxley Act-high light The legislation came into force in 2002 and introduced major changes to the regulation of financial practice and corporate governance. Named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley, who were its main architects, it also set a number of deadlines for compliance. An act passed by U.S. Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) mandated strict reforms to improve financial disclosures from corporations and prevent accounting fraud. SOX was enacted in response to the accounting scandals in the early 2000s. Scandals such as Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom shook investor confidence in financial statements and required an overhaul of regulatory standards....
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...Company Accounting Reforms and investor Protection Act of 2002” According to Weikipedia.com it is “An Act to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliabilities of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes such as industry behavior.” There has been quite a number of accounting scandals over the past several years. This is mainly with the large public corporations. Business scandals have gitten away with misguiding people, businesses by using channels to undereporting liabilities, overstating values such as assets, and even misdirecting funds. Company executives have the ability and unlimited access to working their diveous scheming plans around in order to steal. They can reduce customer's stocks, delay incoming revenue and more. With that said, eleven years ago, that is in 2002, the legislation introduced the Sarbanes Oxley Act. This act introduced major changes in the finance and corporate world. According to "The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Of 2002" (2003), "The Act contains sweeping reforms for issuers of publicly traded securities, auditors, corporate board members, and lawyers. It adopts tough new provisions intended to deter and punish corporate and accounting fraud and corruption, threatening severe penalties for wrongdoers, and protecting the interests of workers and shareholders." This is how the Act changed the practice of accounting. The internal controls comply with the act to emphasize a broad understanding of procedures in...
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...IMPORTANT AICPA INFORMATION ON SARBANES-OXLEY |How the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Impacts the Accounting Profession (AICPA) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...However, external reports have become essential with the increase in the size and number of business enterprises, along with the increased amount of people investing capital resources in these businesses. The corporate form of business also increases the need for objective verification of data and creates a need for disclosure of more and better information to owners and potential investors. Furthermore, the increase in value, size and activity of capital exchange in security market also increases the opening of taking advantage in lax conditions and to profit by misrepresentation and manipulation. Hence, the main reason for establishing the securities legislation was because large security market requires operating procedures that would protect investors from fraud and guarantee an adequate supply of capital for economic growth. Background of the SEC The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) is one of several public and private sector rule-making organizations that have an effect on financial reporting for businesses. It plays a crucial role in the development and improvement of financial reporting theory and practice. Frequently the work, accomplishments and contributions of the SEC do not receive the attention given to other group, such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Government Accounting Standards Board, or the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. A common mistaken belief is that securities legislation only begun...
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...PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL LAW FIRST PART General Provisions FIRST SECTION Purpose, Scope and Definitions Purpose Article 1- The purpose of this Law is to regulate the structure and functioning of the public financial management, the preparation and implementation of the public budgets, the accounting and reporting of all financial transactions, and financial control in line with the politics and objectives covered in the development plans and programs, in order to ensure accountability, transparency and the effective, economic and efficient collection and utilization of public resources. Scope Article 2- This Law covers the financial management and control of public administrations within the scope of general government, encompassing public administrations within the scope of central government, social security institutions, and local administrations. Without prejudice to the provisions of international agreements, the utilization and control of European Union funds and domestic and foreign resources allocated to public administrations shall be subject to the provisions of this Law. (Amendment: 22.12.2005 - 5436/10-b art.) Regulatory and supervisory agencies are subject only to the Articles 3, 7, 8, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 25, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 68 and 76, 78 of this Law. Definitions Article 3- Particularly, in the enforcement of this Law; a) Public administrations within the scope...
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