...ACCT205-1301B-02 Principles of Accounting Unit 1 IP Abstract The paper is about a hypothetical scenario requiring the writer to give and informative introductory class on the subject of accounting. The primary objectives of accounting are identified and described in basic terms. Basic accounting terminology is identified and defined using the New York State Society of CPA’s Accounting Terminology Guide. A brief personal example is given regarding personal ethics and how they have applied to accounting. Lastly, the roll of technology and its effects on small business are discussed. When learning anything it is sometimes best to start with the simplest of terms. To understand accounting it is best to think of it as the “Language of Business.” (Riese, 2013) Thinking of accounting this way makes the phrase the cornerstone to which all the other stones of accounting can be laid in order to build understanding. The primary function of accounting is to document by quantity, measure, classify, summarize, and communicate in a very accurate manner using monetary terms the financial transactions of businesses. (Pilchar , n.d.) The sound practice of this language tells investors whether or not to invest in the business. Understanding the language of accounting is important to making good financial decisions. It has been said that the English language one of the most difficult to learn. For those entering the business world accounting can be just as tough. In order...
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...Bennis' leadership qualities Warren Bennis, widely known as a modern leadership guru, has identified six personal qualities . Integrity Integrity means alignment of words and actions with inner values. It means sticking to these values even when an alternative path may be easier or more advantageous. A leader with integrity can be trusted and will be admired for sticking to strong values. They also act as a powerful model for people to copy, thus building an entire organization with powerful and effective cultural values. Dedication Dedication means spending whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done, rather than giving it whatever time you have available. The work of most leadership positions is not something to do 'if time'. It means giving your whole self to the task, dedicating yourself to success and to leading others with you. Magnanimity A magnanimous person gives credit where it is due. It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity. Magnanimity in leadership includes crediting the people with success and accepting personal responsibility for failures. Humility Humility is the opposite of arrogance and narcissism. It means recognizing that you are not inherently superior to others and consequently that they are not inferior to you. It does not mean diminishing yourself, nor does it mean exalting yourself. Humble leaders do not debase themselves, neither falsely nor due to low...
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...Table of Contents Introduction: 2 P1.1: Accounting in tourism or hospitality organization. 3 P1.2: Difference between financial and management accounting 3 P1.3: Difference between a sole trader, a partnership and a limited company 4 P1.5: Use of financial software in Tourism and Hospitality business 5 P1.6: Impact of changes in IT and internet on hotels and airlines 6 P2.1: Double-entry book-keeping 6 P2.2: Calculattion and account for VAT on purchases and Sales 7 P2.3: Cash receipts, cash payments and bank reconciliation 8 P3.1: How a trial balance is constructed 8 P3.2: Trial balance along with adjustments used to prepare fianl accounts 9 P4.1: Sources of finance available to a business 9 P4.2: Reasons and the process of budgetary control 10 P4.3: How to prepare a simple cash budget 11 Conclusion: 12 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13 Introduction: Business organizations face intense competition in today’s global business world. Tourism and hospitality are very large industry. A lot business organization is competing for their success in tourism and hospitality industry. The success of business organizations depends mostly on managerial decision making. However managers cannot make proper decisions if there is no information available. Financial information is the most important information for all kinds of business organizations. Without proper...
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...Accounting period: the annual reporting period (or fiscal year) Accounting priciples: are fundamentals theories, truths and propositions that serve as the foundation for financial accounting and reporting Accounting standards: establish the authoritative guidance on how companies should account for and report specific transactions events and arrangments in their financial statements Accrual accounting: measures the reports and economic effect of a companies transactions evente etc in the periods in which those effects occurred, even if the cash recipt and payment occured in a different period Accruals: when economic effects are recognized in the current period, even though the cash flows will occur in a later period they are reffered as accurals Business cycle: is the yearly period from the lowest sales through highest sales and back to lowest sales. Comparability: of accounting information helps identify and explain similarities and differences between two or more sets of economic facts Complete representation: provides users with full disclosure of all the information necessary to understand the information being reported, with all necessary facts, descriptions and explanations Conceptual framework: is a foundation of objectives, concepts, priniciples, and definition that leads to high quality financial accounting standards and the appropriate application in accounting practice. confirmatory value: if it provides feedback to confirm or correct prior prediction and expectations ...
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...A. Davis, Jr. ACC/542 October 21, 2013 Irene Branum Preface In the last few weeks the accounting firm, Team D has looked into characteristics of Kudler Fine Foods and provided recommendations to update and replace existing components of the IT system. These recommendations made can yield in the company’s increased productivity, profitability, and remove potential threats. Team D determined that industry specific software is useful in comparison to customized software. Four main modules such as payroll, account payable, accounts receivable, and inventory were developed as well as enhancement of each flowchart based on the appropriate system. Team D examined the database completeness at Kudler’s intranet and developed a pivot table; therefore, making the decision-making process easy. External and internal risks were analyzed and internal control points were developed by incorporating both risks and controls into a flowchart. Team D also showed why findings and recommendations are more useful to the company in comparison to SAS70 and SAS94 audits. The team identified events that will lessen the dependence on auditing through computer and showed a brief description how the audit should be conducted. System Integrity and Validation Kudler Finer Foods has looked for recommendations regarding the company, to include computer information system, automated process of an accounting information system, data table analysis, internal control and risk evaluation, and auditing procedures...
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...I. Introduction The Royal Mint has a unique manufacturing operation in the United Kingdom and also designated as an executive agency responsible to the treasury to the “Her Majesty's” Government. Its objective is to provide the government with coinage at a competitive price and its manufacturing requirement ranges from high volumes of standard coinage to individual service medals or commemorative coins. In the case of the Royal Mint, they follow a unique cost ceiling that their cost base must always be less than the face value of the coins being produced. In order to follow that unique cost ceiling, the researchers follow the concept of simultaneous design by being involved in initiatives to improve materials being used in both coins and dies. Then due to high inflation rate, the face value of the coin is exceeding the cost base of the raw material and with the help of using the concept of simultaneous design, the Royal Mint quickly mitigated the risk by changing the composition of the 2 Pound and 1 Pound coins to a steal core with an electroplated copper outer layer and has significantly reduced the unit cost and it added expected lifetime by using a less expensive metal base. II. Background The Royal Mint has a cost ceiling that the cost base of the material must be less than the face value of the coin being produced. In order to follow that unique cost ceiling, the Royal Mint implemented the Concept of Simultaneous Design to research on how to further improve...
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...CHAPTER 17 PROCESS COSTING 17-1 Industries using process costing in their manufacturing area include chemical processing, oil refining, pharmaceuticals, plastics, brick and tile manufacturing, semiconductor chips, beverages, and breakfast cereals. 17-2 Process costing systems separate costs into cost categories according to the timing of when costs are introduced into the process. Often, only two cost classifications, direct materials and conversion costs, are necessary. Direct materials are frequently added at one point in time, often the start or the end of the process. All conversion costs are added at about the same time, but in a pattern different from direct materials costs. Conversion costs are often added throughout the process, which can of any length of time, lasting from seconds to several months. 17-3 Equivalent units is a derived amount of output units that takes the quantity of each input (factor of production) in units completed or in incomplete units in work in process, and converts the quantity of input into the amount of completed output units that could be made with that quantity of input. Each equivalent unit is comprised of the physical quantities of direct materials or conversion costs inputs necessary to produce output of one fully completed unit. Equivalent unit measures are necessary since all physical units are not completed to the same extent at the same time. 17-4 The accuracy of the estimates of completion depends on the care and skill of the estimator...
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...Memo of law Question/Issue Presented What evidence can be found during a legal discovery and how does this affect the record-keeping policy of a business organization? Applicable Law and Ethical Standards Newby v. Enron Corp. , 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28397 (S.D. Tex. May 1, 2002) Newby v. Enron Corp. (In re Enron Cor... , 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1668, Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH) P92404 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 28, 2003) United States v. Arthur Andersen LLP , 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26870 (S.D. Tex. May 24, 2002) 18 USCS § 1512 Discussion/Analysis (of Law and Facts) During a legal discovery which includes the procedures of Deposition, Interrogatories and Production of Documents there can be different evidence found depending on the area of work the business organization is involved in. An example could be that a company tried to create false documents with the intent to seem like a good investment or to avoid paying taxes. During a deposition evidence can be found that people questioned tell conflicting stories. It is crucial to be able to deliver the right documents requested during a discovery. Therefore, it is important to have an organized record-keeping policy for any organization. Furthermore, a business should keep its records as correct as possible and not be tempted to give in to fraud, changing documents or destroying important documents. A company should follow the law to keep the required documents. It would be a crime to hide, destroy and/or withhold subpoenaed...
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...TOOLBOX: 1) Inventory Management - Inventory Turnover Ratio = Costs of Goods Sold/ Inventory If inventory turns over 6 times, how many days does it stay on the shelves or in the warehouse? These are annual figures: 365/7 = 60 days on the shelves. Need a better specific Mission Statement. 2) Costs that do no change with volume of output are called -Fixed Costs Costs that change when volume changes are called -Variable Costs 3) Fishbone Analysis 4) Low Urg/Low Impt – Low Urg/High Imp High Urg/Low Impt – High Urg/High Imp 5) Present Value and Future Value PV x C^n = FV When comparing investments....pick the one that has a larger present value. 6) PORTER 5 Porter 5 does not cover the opportunities part of the SWOT ad Market Growth Potential. 7) HILO METHOD: Finds Slope (FC, VC) [(Total Cost From Later Year - Total Cost from Year Before Later)] / [(Units from Later Year /-Units from Year Before Later)] = VC FC = Total Cost – (VC)(UNITS) 2012 Units: 800 Total costs: 7000 2011 Units: 500 Total costs : 6100 [7000/6100] / [800/500] = $3/unit ( VC 3(800) 2400 ... 7000-2400 FC= 4600 8) BREAKEVEN POINT BE = [FC/[P-VC] BE ( Given a total profit ) = [FC+TP]/[P-VC] QUESTION: How many units must you sell to earn $100 000 in profit 4600+ 100 000/ [5-3] = 104600/2 = 52 300 9) FINANCIAL STATEMENT BALANCE SHEET - ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY INCOME STATEMENT- NET INCOME = REVENUE MINUS EXPENSES CASH FLOW STATEMENT ...
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...ACCT310 - 1304B – 07 Andre’s Hair Styling American Intercontinental University Online December 1, 2013 ABSTRACT The following information is going to contain information from Andre’s hair styling. The information is going to detail the contribution margin, the annual break-even point, as well as the operating income. Fixed costs consist of the barbers so to figure that out we must take their nine dollars and ninety cents an hour that they are paid and multiply that by the barbers forty hour work week and then multiply that by the fifty weeks that they work a year and then again multiply by the five different barbers that are working at Andre’s Hair Styling; we then get ninety-nine thousand dollars as the outcome. ($9.90*40 hours a week*50 weeks a year* 5 barbers) = $99,000 which added together is one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Other expenses for Andre’s Hair Styling consists of the remaining fixed costs per month which is one thousand seven hundred and fifty and then multiply that by twelve months and we get twenty-one thousand dollars a year for other fixed expenses. ($1,750 fixed expenses * 12 months in a year) = $ 21,000 Now that we have done all of that calculations to begin answering the questions at hand we will go from 1-4. 1. The first task is to find the contribution margin per hair cut at the same time assuming that the barber’s compensation is a fixed cost. So we take the following in mind. Andre’s hair styling is charging twelve dollars...
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...Assignment: Cost, Volume, and Profit Formulas ACC220 February 19, 2012 Assignment: Cost, Volume, and Profit Formulas In a business, it is profit that ultimately determines whether a business succeeds or fails a financial year. To aid in forming decisions, managers depend on information presented in Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis. In a CVP analysis, information is built on the interrelation of five general components. By understanding these components and how they relate to one-another, managers and accountants can also determine the contribution margin ratio. With these factors in hand, managers can predict the contribution ratios necessary to balance expenses and maximize profits. For managers to make successful decisions in business, they need to understand the components, the factors, and how they relate to one-another. Creating a CVP analysis requires knowledge of five general components: The volume of a business’ activities, the selling prices of individual units, the variable and fixed costs of producing each unit, and the net total of multiple types of units sold. The volume of business’ activities generally refers to the total units of any specific merchandise sold, which is multiplied with selling prices. Following the income of sales, the variable costs (costs to produce each unit) is subtracted to determine the contribution margin. Finally, the fixed costs (supporting budget) are subtracted from the contributions margin to determine the net income in a CVP...
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...Running Head: PUBLIX CMT Contemporary Management Technique for Publix Target Costing Rationale Publix Super Markets, Inc. is a primarily Florida established grocery store chain which employees over 120,000. Currently, Publix serves over one million customers each day and is also one of the largest employee-owned businesses in the world. Moreover, the company is one of Florida’s leading supermarkets and has tailored to most cultural trends in the grocery industry-organic foods; health foods, natural foods, prepared meals, ethnic ingredients, etc. Publix grocery has benefited from great success in the industry and has expanded out of primary market, Florida. However, with the arrival of globalization impacting margins in almost every industry, the food retailing/supermarket industry has now joined the trend. International and domestic food retailers around the globe have started to internationalize at a brisk rate and open operations around the globe (Mujtaba & Franklin, 2007). The right product pricing is one of the most important matters concerning the growth of companies’ financial performance. Prices should be low enough to draw in customers; however, simultaneously high enough to cover all costs and anticipated profits. Research in the supermarket industry indicates that nine percent of customers leave and shop elsewhere because they think prices are too high. The supermarket business is becoming more and more concentrated as large regional chains such as...
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...Kudler Accounting System Derek Gleaves UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX BSA/310 Frank Skowron December 18, 2011 Kudler Accounting System Kudler wants to incorporate an SQL database that contains the fields found in the company's Chart of Accounts. Add a balance field and create a query that will display all of the fields of the database and run a report totaling the balance field using test data added to the database. Kudler's Chart of Accounts is currently a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and they want the Chart of Accounts upgraded to the SQL database. The new database will be used to facilitate decision making at the store and department levels. The processes of Kudler Fine Foods include inventory, payroll, accounts payable and accounts receivable. Using a new accounting information systems, will improve these processes from the old system. Key features Intergrading the new accounting system at Kudler Fine Foods has made the company gain new key features along with adding the old key features, such as; It allows the company to keep track of customer purchases. Each time a customer creates a purchase it will register to the new accounting system main computer, and shows what items were purchased along with the price paid. This new system shows the accounts receivables, this show the money being received, and the money going out. The current system at Kudler could be improved through the automation. The objective of accounts payable processing is to pay vendors at the...
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...Final Paper: Case Study of WorldCom Financial Statement Fraud Introduction This paper will discuss the financial statement fraud committed by WorldCom by examining what led up to the fraud, who committed it and why, and the impact it caused on various stakeholders and the economy. WorldCom applied aggressive and undisclosed accounting tactics to provide financial statements that reflected a $10 billion profit for the years 2000 and 2001, rather than the actual combined loss of $73.7 billion that occurred (Romar, 2006). Opportunity, pressure, and rationalization were all present in this severe example of financial statement fraud which had a devastating impact on stakeholders globally. Basis for Understanding Financial Statement Fraud Prior to taking a deep dive into this specific example, it is important to first understand what constitutes financial statement fraud. Financial statement fraud can be defined as “deliberate misstatements or omissions of amounts or disclosures of financial statements to deceive financial statement users, particularly investors and creditors” (Wells, 2011, p. 299). Financial statement frauds can be broken down into five distinct categories: fictitious revenues, improper asset valuations, concealed liabilities and expenses, timing differences, and improper disclosures” (Wells, 2011, p. 292). The History of WorldCom “WorldCom began in Mississippi as a small provider of long distance telephone services” (Lyke, 2002). However, due to deregulation...
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...the business success due to their knowledge, skills and creativity. They represent a valuable resource and should be placed on the left side of the balance sheet. The benefit of treating employee as valuable assets is that companies which invest in their employees create a positive environment so that they can work and perform better financially. One example of an organization that has done this is Infosys (The Commerce Pedia, 2012), the giant Info Technology services firm in India. The entire workforce within the firm was assigned a value using an accounting model that calculates all of its employees’ collective worth. By doing this, Infosys has a significant commitment to investing in employees across all functions and levels of experience and the firm can take managerial decisions based on the availability and the necessity of human resources. After considering the influence of the human capital investment, the accounting equation should be revised as “assets = liabilities + owners' equity”, where the assets include human assets and material assets. With the recognition of the importance of human resource, it will be incorporated into the company's external financial reports to provide more reliable information. Reference: The Commerce Pedia, 2012,...
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