...Accounting for non-accounting students eighth edition John R. Dyson ACCOUNTING FOR NON-ACCOUNTING STUDENTS Visit the Accounting for Non-Accounting Students, eighth edition Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/dyson to find valuable student learning material including: G G G G Multiple choice questions to help test your learning Extra question material Links to relevant sites on the web Glossary explaining key terms mentioned in the book We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in Accounting, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Financial Times Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk ACCOUNTING FOR NON-ACCOUNTING STUDENTS Eighth Edition John R. Dyson Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First edition published in Great Britain under the Pitman Publishing imprint in 1987 Second edition 1991 Third edition 1994 Fourth edition published under the Financial Times Pitman Publishing imprint in 1997 Fifth edition 2001 Sixth edition 2004 Seventh edition 2007 Eighth...
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...Memorandum TO: FROM: RE: DATE: The purpose of this memo is to determine whether the transfer provisions preclude sale accounting, and if so, would sale accounting be appropriate after the initial transfer if the provision in question was eliminated. UpBeat, Inc. is a successful company located in Greenville South Carolina. Sales have substantially exceeded budgeted amounts and look to get even better. Upon reviewing of the monthly reporting package and cash flow projections it can be noted that the debt to equity ratio has deteriorated, liquidity is tight, and the company is having difficulty keeping current on taxes and on payments to suppliers and employees. In order to meet UpBeat’s debt covenants the local bank has agreed to purchase $50 million of accounts receivables following provisions included in the sale agreement: UpBeat would like assistance in determining whether the transfer provisions preclude sale accounting. Both transfer provisions have the possibility to preclude sales accounting. Transfer provision 1 may allow for UpBeat to retain the benefit by requiring permission to sell the financial assets. It may be inferred by some that because UpBeat cannot unreasonably withhold the sale the benefit transfers to the bank, however, more information is required to properly known exactly what unreasonably withhold means. Transfer provision 2 has the possibility to allow a sale if the fixed price received for the repurchased receivable is a fair value for...
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...Case 09-6 UpBeat Inc. Tommy Toe, the controller of UpBeat Inc., a successful company located in Greenville, S.C., was whistling. Sales in the last quarter substantially exceeded budgeted amounts, and the order backlog indicated that the next quarter would be even better. All of a sudden, Tommy frowned. When he reviewed the monthly reporting package and cash flow projections, he noticed that the debt-to-equity ratio had deteriorated. This poses a problem under UpBeat’s debt covenants. In addition, at present liquidity is tight, and the company is having difficulty keeping current on taxes and on payments to suppliers and employees. Tommy immediately called UpBeat’s local bank. The bank manager recommended that UpBeat sell off some of its accounts receivable to increase its liquidity and improve its debt covenant ratios. Because there are no markets for receivables of this sort, UpBeat agreed to sell the bank $50 million of accounts receivable at 90 percent of face value. The following provisions are included in the sale agreement: • Transfer Provision 1 — The bank has to obtain permission from UpBeat if it decides to sell/pledge the accounts receivable, which UpBeat could not unreasonably withhold. • Transfer Provision 2 — UpBeat has the option to repurchase the accounts receivable at a fixed price if it obtains sufficient liquidity from new investors or other sources. Tommy knows that legal isolation is often an issue in sale accounting and that often...
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...Case 09-6 UpBeat Inc. Tommy Toe, the controller of UpBeat Inc., a successful company located in Greenville, S.C., was whistling. Sales in the last quarter substantially exceeded budgeted amounts, and the order backlog indicated that the next quarter would be even better. All of a sudden, Tommy frowned. When he reviewed the monthly reporting package and cash flow projections, he noticed that the debt-to-equity ratio had deteriorated. This poses a problem under UpBeat’s debt covenants. In addition, at present liquidity is tight, and the company is having difficulty keeping current on taxes and on payments to suppliers and employees. Tommy immediately called UpBeat’s local bank. The bank manager recommended that UpBeat sell off some of its accounts receivable to increase its liquidity and improve its debt covenant ratios. Because there are no markets for receivables of this sort, UpBeat agreed to sell the bank $50 million of accounts receivable at 90 percent of face value. The following provisions are included in the sale agreement: • Transfer Provision 1 — The bank has to obtain permission from UpBeat if it decides to sell/pledge the accounts receivable, which UpBeat could not unreasonably withhold. Transfer Provision 2 — UpBeat has the option to repurchase the accounts receivable at a fixed price if it obtains sufficient liquidity from new investors or other sources. • Tommy knows that legal isolation is often an issue in sale accounting and that often U.S. GAAP requires...
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...Case 09-6 UpBeat Inc. Tommy Toe, the controller of UpBeat Inc., a successful company located in Greenville, S.C., was whistling. Sales in the last quarter substantially exceeded budgeted amounts, and the order backlog indicated that the next quarter would be even better. All of a sudden, Tommy frowned. When he reviewed the monthly reporting package and cash flow projections, he noticed that the debt-to-equity ratio had deteriorated. This poses a problem under UpBeat’s debt covenants. In addition, at present liquidity is tight, and the company is having difficulty keeping current on taxes and on payments to suppliers and employees. Tommy immediately called UpBeat’s local bank. The bank manager recommended that UpBeat sell off some of its accounts receivable to increase its liquidity and improve its debt covenant ratios. Because there are no markets for receivables of this sort, UpBeat agreed to sell the bank $50 million of accounts receivable at 90 percent of face value. The following provisions are included in the sale agreement: • Transfer Provision 1 — The bank has to obtain permission from UpBeat if it decides to sell/pledge the accounts receivable, which UpBeat could not unreasonably withhold. Transfer Provision 2 — UpBeat has the option to repurchase the accounts receivable at a fixed price if it obtains sufficient liquidity from new investors or other sources. • Tommy knows that legal isolation is often an issue in sale accounting and that often U.S. GAAP requires...
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...A. Davis, Jr. ACC/542 October 21, 2013 Irene Branum Preface In the last few weeks the accounting firm, Team D has looked into characteristics of Kudler Fine Foods and provided recommendations to update and replace existing components of the IT system. These recommendations made can yield in the company’s increased productivity, profitability, and remove potential threats. Team D determined that industry specific software is useful in comparison to customized software. Four main modules such as payroll, account payable, accounts receivable, and inventory were developed as well as enhancement of each flowchart based on the appropriate system. Team D examined the database completeness at Kudler’s intranet and developed a pivot table; therefore, making the decision-making process easy. External and internal risks were analyzed and internal control points were developed by incorporating both risks and controls into a flowchart. Team D also showed why findings and recommendations are more useful to the company in comparison to SAS70 and SAS94 audits. The team identified events that will lessen the dependence on auditing through computer and showed a brief description how the audit should be conducted. System Integrity and Validation Kudler Finer Foods has looked for recommendations regarding the company, to include computer information system, automated process of an accounting information system, data table analysis, internal control and risk evaluation, and auditing procedures...
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...I. Introduction The Royal Mint has a unique manufacturing operation in the United Kingdom and also designated as an executive agency responsible to the treasury to the “Her Majesty's” Government. Its objective is to provide the government with coinage at a competitive price and its manufacturing requirement ranges from high volumes of standard coinage to individual service medals or commemorative coins. In the case of the Royal Mint, they follow a unique cost ceiling that their cost base must always be less than the face value of the coins being produced. In order to follow that unique cost ceiling, the researchers follow the concept of simultaneous design by being involved in initiatives to improve materials being used in both coins and dies. Then due to high inflation rate, the face value of the coin is exceeding the cost base of the raw material and with the help of using the concept of simultaneous design, the Royal Mint quickly mitigated the risk by changing the composition of the 2 Pound and 1 Pound coins to a steal core with an electroplated copper outer layer and has significantly reduced the unit cost and it added expected lifetime by using a less expensive metal base. II. Background The Royal Mint has a cost ceiling that the cost base of the material must be less than the face value of the coin being produced. In order to follow that unique cost ceiling, the Royal Mint implemented the Concept of Simultaneous Design to research on how to further improve...
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...CHAPTER 17 PROCESS COSTING 17-1 Industries using process costing in their manufacturing area include chemical processing, oil refining, pharmaceuticals, plastics, brick and tile manufacturing, semiconductor chips, beverages, and breakfast cereals. 17-2 Process costing systems separate costs into cost categories according to the timing of when costs are introduced into the process. Often, only two cost classifications, direct materials and conversion costs, are necessary. Direct materials are frequently added at one point in time, often the start or the end of the process. All conversion costs are added at about the same time, but in a pattern different from direct materials costs. Conversion costs are often added throughout the process, which can of any length of time, lasting from seconds to several months. 17-3 Equivalent units is a derived amount of output units that takes the quantity of each input (factor of production) in units completed or in incomplete units in work in process, and converts the quantity of input into the amount of completed output units that could be made with that quantity of input. Each equivalent unit is comprised of the physical quantities of direct materials or conversion costs inputs necessary to produce output of one fully completed unit. Equivalent unit measures are necessary since all physical units are not completed to the same extent at the same time. 17-4 The accuracy of the estimates of completion depends on the care and skill of the estimator...
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...Memo of law Question/Issue Presented What evidence can be found during a legal discovery and how does this affect the record-keeping policy of a business organization? Applicable Law and Ethical Standards Newby v. Enron Corp. , 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28397 (S.D. Tex. May 1, 2002) Newby v. Enron Corp. (In re Enron Cor... , 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1668, Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH) P92404 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 28, 2003) United States v. Arthur Andersen LLP , 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26870 (S.D. Tex. May 24, 2002) 18 USCS § 1512 Discussion/Analysis (of Law and Facts) During a legal discovery which includes the procedures of Deposition, Interrogatories and Production of Documents there can be different evidence found depending on the area of work the business organization is involved in. An example could be that a company tried to create false documents with the intent to seem like a good investment or to avoid paying taxes. During a deposition evidence can be found that people questioned tell conflicting stories. It is crucial to be able to deliver the right documents requested during a discovery. Therefore, it is important to have an organized record-keeping policy for any organization. Furthermore, a business should keep its records as correct as possible and not be tempted to give in to fraud, changing documents or destroying important documents. A company should follow the law to keep the required documents. It would be a crime to hide, destroy and/or withhold subpoenaed...
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...TOOLBOX: 1) Inventory Management - Inventory Turnover Ratio = Costs of Goods Sold/ Inventory If inventory turns over 6 times, how many days does it stay on the shelves or in the warehouse? These are annual figures: 365/7 = 60 days on the shelves. Need a better specific Mission Statement. 2) Costs that do no change with volume of output are called -Fixed Costs Costs that change when volume changes are called -Variable Costs 3) Fishbone Analysis 4) Low Urg/Low Impt – Low Urg/High Imp High Urg/Low Impt – High Urg/High Imp 5) Present Value and Future Value PV x C^n = FV When comparing investments....pick the one that has a larger present value. 6) PORTER 5 Porter 5 does not cover the opportunities part of the SWOT ad Market Growth Potential. 7) HILO METHOD: Finds Slope (FC, VC) [(Total Cost From Later Year - Total Cost from Year Before Later)] / [(Units from Later Year /-Units from Year Before Later)] = VC FC = Total Cost – (VC)(UNITS) 2012 Units: 800 Total costs: 7000 2011 Units: 500 Total costs : 6100 [7000/6100] / [800/500] = $3/unit ( VC 3(800) 2400 ... 7000-2400 FC= 4600 8) BREAKEVEN POINT BE = [FC/[P-VC] BE ( Given a total profit ) = [FC+TP]/[P-VC] QUESTION: How many units must you sell to earn $100 000 in profit 4600+ 100 000/ [5-3] = 104600/2 = 52 300 9) FINANCIAL STATEMENT BALANCE SHEET - ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY INCOME STATEMENT- NET INCOME = REVENUE MINUS EXPENSES CASH FLOW STATEMENT ...
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...ACCT310 - 1304B – 07 Andre’s Hair Styling American Intercontinental University Online December 1, 2013 ABSTRACT The following information is going to contain information from Andre’s hair styling. The information is going to detail the contribution margin, the annual break-even point, as well as the operating income. Fixed costs consist of the barbers so to figure that out we must take their nine dollars and ninety cents an hour that they are paid and multiply that by the barbers forty hour work week and then multiply that by the fifty weeks that they work a year and then again multiply by the five different barbers that are working at Andre’s Hair Styling; we then get ninety-nine thousand dollars as the outcome. ($9.90*40 hours a week*50 weeks a year* 5 barbers) = $99,000 which added together is one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Other expenses for Andre’s Hair Styling consists of the remaining fixed costs per month which is one thousand seven hundred and fifty and then multiply that by twelve months and we get twenty-one thousand dollars a year for other fixed expenses. ($1,750 fixed expenses * 12 months in a year) = $ 21,000 Now that we have done all of that calculations to begin answering the questions at hand we will go from 1-4. 1. The first task is to find the contribution margin per hair cut at the same time assuming that the barber’s compensation is a fixed cost. So we take the following in mind. Andre’s hair styling is charging twelve dollars...
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...Assignment: Cost, Volume, and Profit Formulas ACC220 February 19, 2012 Assignment: Cost, Volume, and Profit Formulas In a business, it is profit that ultimately determines whether a business succeeds or fails a financial year. To aid in forming decisions, managers depend on information presented in Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis. In a CVP analysis, information is built on the interrelation of five general components. By understanding these components and how they relate to one-another, managers and accountants can also determine the contribution margin ratio. With these factors in hand, managers can predict the contribution ratios necessary to balance expenses and maximize profits. For managers to make successful decisions in business, they need to understand the components, the factors, and how they relate to one-another. Creating a CVP analysis requires knowledge of five general components: The volume of a business’ activities, the selling prices of individual units, the variable and fixed costs of producing each unit, and the net total of multiple types of units sold. The volume of business’ activities generally refers to the total units of any specific merchandise sold, which is multiplied with selling prices. Following the income of sales, the variable costs (costs to produce each unit) is subtracted to determine the contribution margin. Finally, the fixed costs (supporting budget) are subtracted from the contributions margin to determine the net income in a CVP...
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...Running Head: PUBLIX CMT Contemporary Management Technique for Publix Target Costing Rationale Publix Super Markets, Inc. is a primarily Florida established grocery store chain which employees over 120,000. Currently, Publix serves over one million customers each day and is also one of the largest employee-owned businesses in the world. Moreover, the company is one of Florida’s leading supermarkets and has tailored to most cultural trends in the grocery industry-organic foods; health foods, natural foods, prepared meals, ethnic ingredients, etc. Publix grocery has benefited from great success in the industry and has expanded out of primary market, Florida. However, with the arrival of globalization impacting margins in almost every industry, the food retailing/supermarket industry has now joined the trend. International and domestic food retailers around the globe have started to internationalize at a brisk rate and open operations around the globe (Mujtaba & Franklin, 2007). The right product pricing is one of the most important matters concerning the growth of companies’ financial performance. Prices should be low enough to draw in customers; however, simultaneously high enough to cover all costs and anticipated profits. Research in the supermarket industry indicates that nine percent of customers leave and shop elsewhere because they think prices are too high. The supermarket business is becoming more and more concentrated as large regional chains such as...
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...Kudler Accounting System Derek Gleaves UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX BSA/310 Frank Skowron December 18, 2011 Kudler Accounting System Kudler wants to incorporate an SQL database that contains the fields found in the company's Chart of Accounts. Add a balance field and create a query that will display all of the fields of the database and run a report totaling the balance field using test data added to the database. Kudler's Chart of Accounts is currently a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and they want the Chart of Accounts upgraded to the SQL database. The new database will be used to facilitate decision making at the store and department levels. The processes of Kudler Fine Foods include inventory, payroll, accounts payable and accounts receivable. Using a new accounting information systems, will improve these processes from the old system. Key features Intergrading the new accounting system at Kudler Fine Foods has made the company gain new key features along with adding the old key features, such as; It allows the company to keep track of customer purchases. Each time a customer creates a purchase it will register to the new accounting system main computer, and shows what items were purchased along with the price paid. This new system shows the accounts receivables, this show the money being received, and the money going out. The current system at Kudler could be improved through the automation. The objective of accounts payable processing is to pay vendors at the...
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...Final Paper: Case Study of WorldCom Financial Statement Fraud Introduction This paper will discuss the financial statement fraud committed by WorldCom by examining what led up to the fraud, who committed it and why, and the impact it caused on various stakeholders and the economy. WorldCom applied aggressive and undisclosed accounting tactics to provide financial statements that reflected a $10 billion profit for the years 2000 and 2001, rather than the actual combined loss of $73.7 billion that occurred (Romar, 2006). Opportunity, pressure, and rationalization were all present in this severe example of financial statement fraud which had a devastating impact on stakeholders globally. Basis for Understanding Financial Statement Fraud Prior to taking a deep dive into this specific example, it is important to first understand what constitutes financial statement fraud. Financial statement fraud can be defined as “deliberate misstatements or omissions of amounts or disclosures of financial statements to deceive financial statement users, particularly investors and creditors” (Wells, 2011, p. 299). Financial statement frauds can be broken down into five distinct categories: fictitious revenues, improper asset valuations, concealed liabilities and expenses, timing differences, and improper disclosures” (Wells, 2011, p. 292). The History of WorldCom “WorldCom began in Mississippi as a small provider of long distance telephone services” (Lyke, 2002). However, due to deregulation...
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