...bendahara, who combined the offices of the modern prime minister, chief justice, and commander-in-chief of the army, was the most important minister. Next, was the temenggung, who was the chief of police and chief magistrate. Following him was the laksamana, the admiral of the fleet. These were the most well-known officials of the realm. Besides that, there were also other officials, which three deserve to be mention. First, the penghulu bendahari or chief secretary of the bendahara and treasurer. Second, there was the shahbandar or harbour master. Since there are four main groups of traders which came from China and the Far East, Java and the Malay Archipelago, west India and also from the south-east India, hence, there were four shahbandar that attended to this group of traders. And last but not least, there was the mandulika or governor of an isolated outpost, who exercised civil and criminal...
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...Undang-undang Melaka dan Undang-undang 99 Perak Bincangkan peranan adat dan undang-undang dalam masyarakat Melayu tradisional dan nyatakan ciri-ciri yang terdapat dalam Undang-undang Melaka dan Undang-undang 99 Perak. Pengenalan • Adat penting dalam maysarakat Melayu tradisional kerana ia dijadikan sebagai panduan hidup masyarakat kea rah keharmonian hidup. • Adat berkaitan dengan hal tatacara, peraturan, larangan dan upacara-upacara yang mesti dipatuhi. • Undang-undang pula sebenarnya wujud bersumberkan daripada adat yang diwarisi itu. Setiap negeri boleh dikatakan ada undang-undang bertulisnya sendiri antaranya Undang-undang Melaka dan Undang-undang 99 perak. Isi-isi penting • Adat memainklan peranan penting mengawal tingkahlaku masyarakat dan dengan ini keselamatan anggota masyarakat terjamin. • Adat juga boleh mengeratkan hubungan persaudaraan dikalangan anggota masyarakat. Sebagai contoh pembahagian harta warisan keluarga dapat menjamin hak seseorang dalam masyarakat. Adanya panduan ini dapat mengelakkan peristiwa yang tidak diingini dalam masyarakat. • Selain itu undang-undang dan adat digunakan oleh pihak pemerintah untuk mengukuhkan kedudukan mereka dalam system pemerintahan. Sebagai contoh Hukum Kanun Melaka jelas dinyatakan larangan-larangan dan keistimewaan raja yang nyata sekali rakyat tidak boleh mempersoalkannya. Dengan cara ini kedudukan raja terjamin. • Undang-undang dan adat juga dapat menentukan tanggungjawab hak setiap anggota masyarakat. Sebagai...
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...Unwritten law is simply that portion of Malaysian law which is not being enacted by Parliament or the State Assemblies and which is not found in the written Federal and State Constitutions. This category of law comes from cases decided by the Courts and the local customs, which is otherwise known as common law. The unwritten law mainly comprised of the English law, judicial decisions and custom law. English law forms part of the laws in Malaysia. English Law can be divided into two which are the English Commercial Law and English Land Law. In section 5(1) of the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that The English Commercial Law is applicable in Peninsular Malaysia except Penang and Malacca as it stood on 7 April 1956 in the absence of local legislation. On the other hand, Section 5(2) of the same act, applies in Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak as the law administered in these states will be the same as law administered in England, in the like case at corresponding period. As for the English Land Law, none of the English Land Law concerning the tenure, conveyance, assurance of or succession to any immovable property or any estate, right or interest therein applies in Malaysia. In Malaysia, National Land Code is the law that governs the land matters. There is no any allowance for English land law, except in so far the National Land Code might expressly provide. Approaching the judicial decision, judges do not decide arbitrarily. Instead, they are bound to follow certain accepted...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE Introduction History of Unwritten Law Objective of Unwriten Law General Principle of Unwritten Law Element of Unwritten Law The Different between a Unwritten Law and Written Law Example of Unwritten Case UNWRITTEN LAW It is simply that portion of Malaysian law which is not written, i.e., law which is not being enacted by Parliament or State Assemblies and which is not found in the written Federal and State Constitutions. Unwritten law is found in cases decided by the courts, local customs, etc. Unwritten law comprises of the following. * English law The common law of England does apply in Malaysia. However, not all of England’s common law forms part of Malaysian Law. Section 3 (1) of the Civil Law Act 1956 ( Revised 1972) provides that, in Peninsular Malaysia, the courts shall apply the common law of England as well as equity as administered in England on April 1956. In the states of Sabah and Sarawak, the common law of England and the rules of equity together with the statutes of general application shall be applied However, the application of the English law throughout Malaysia is subject to two limitations: a) It is applied only in the absence of local statutes on the particular subjects. Local law takes precedence over English law as the latter is meant to fill the gaps (lacuna) in the local system. b) Only that part of the English law is suited to local circumstances will be applied. The provision to Section...
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...lawteacher.net http://www.lawteacher.net/administrative-law/essays/sources-of-the-malaysian-legal-system-administrative-law-essay.php Sources Of The Malaysian Legal System These essays have been written by students for you to use to help you with your studies. If you need your own custom law essay then we can help.... Get a quote for your own law essay... Share & Download Malaysia practices the mixed legal system which includes the Common Law, Islamic law and Customary Law. Malaysia’s legal system comprises laws which have arise from three significant periods in Malaysian history dating from the Malacca Sultanate, to the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia, and following the absorption into the indigenous culture of British colonial rule which introduced a constitutional government and the common law. The Malaysian Legal System is based on English common law. The sources of Malaysian law means the legal rules that make the laws in Malaysia, which can be classified into written and unwritten law. Written law is the most important source of law. It refers to the laws contained in the Federal and State Constitutions and in a code or a statute. The written laws are much influenced by English laws as the Malaysian legal system retains many characteristics of the English legal system. The Written law includes the Federal Constitution, State Constitutions, Legislation and Subsidiary legislation. Malaysia is a Federation of thirteen States with a written constitution, the Federal...
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...Thease are naturally identified with the various ethnic groups. The main features of each are outlined below : Malay There are two systems of social organisations – the Adat Temenggung which is patrilineal and the more pervasive, and the Adat Perpatih which is matrilineal and confined to the State of Negeri Sembilan and parts of Melaka. Malay adat istiadat or customs and traditions include the adat resam which covers birth and death and the other major events of life, and the adat istiadat diraja or royal customs and traditions which apply to the royal courts. Dress – On ceremonial occasions the men wear Malay dress consisting of a baju (loose shirt) and a pair of long trousers. A sarung is wrapped around the waist and is left to hang halfway over the trousers.The head-dress consists of a black songkok. A tanjak or tengkolok is used on grander occasions. The women usually wear baju kurung consisting of a loose fitting blouse and a sarung or the baju kebaya, a tight-fitting blouse and a sarung. Food – The staple food is rice with accompaniments of meat, fish and vegetables. Coconut milk is an essential ingredient in most preparations with each state having its own specialities. Islam forbids the eating of pork and the flesh of predatory animals and birds, rodens, reptiles, worms and the flesh of dead animals or animals offered as sacrifice. Slaughthering of animals for food must be according to Islamic rites. Chinese The majority of Chinese in Malaysia today are...
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...Unwritten Law Unwritten laws are laws that are not enacted and not found in any constitution. It comprises of judicial decision of the superior courts, English law and customary law. Judicial decisions of the superior courts In Malaysia, judicial decisions of the superior courts are the High Court, Court of Appeal and the Federal Court. It is based on the hierarchical system known as stare decisis or the doctrine of binding judicial precedent. There are two types of precedents. Mandatory precedent is applied when the decisions of superior court are binding on lower courts or the superior courts are bound by their own decisions previously. However, the decisions of lower courts are not binding over superior courts. The lower courts must refer to the mandatory precedents of superior courts. However, judge of superior court will distinguish a case before him and the cases lying down the precedents and can decide not to follow the mandatory precedent if he thinks that the mandatory precedent is not related to the case before him. From this, an original precedent is formed. Persuasive precedent is a precedent which is useful or relevant to a case. It is not mandatory for the judges to apply persuasive precedent. Persuasive precedent may be binding on lower courts if judges of superior court choose to apply persuasive precedent. Precedents are the decisions made by judges previously in similar circumstances. It is generally recognized that judges do make law though not in the...
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...------------------------------------------------- Iban people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Iban | A traditional Iban Family | Total population | c. 830,000 | Regions with significant populations | Sarawak (710,000), West Kalimantan (100,000) & Brunei (20,000) | Languages | Bahasa Iban | Religion | Christianity/Animist | Related ethnic groups | Kantu, Mualang, Semberuang, Bugau & Sebaru | The Ibans are a branch of the Dayak peoples of Borneo. In Malaysia, most Ibans are located in Sarawak, a small portion in Sabah and some in west Malaysia. They were formerly known during the colonial period by the British as Sea Dayaks. Ibans were renowned for practising headhunting and tribal/territorial expansion and had a fearsome reputation as a strong and successful warring tribe in ancient times. Since the arrival of Europeans and the subsequent colonisation of the area, headhunting gradually faded out of practice although many tribal customs, practices and language continue. The Iban population is concentrated in Sarawak, Brunei, and in the West Kalimantan region of Indonesia. They live in longhouses called rumah panjai[1]. Nowadays, most of the Iban longhouses are equipped with modern facilities such as electricity and water supply and other facilities such as (tar sealed) roads, telephone lines and the internet. Younger Ibans are mostly found in urban areas and visit their hometowns during the holidays. The Ibans today are becoming increasingly...
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...Customs is the regular pattern of social behavior, accepted by a given society as binding upon itself and customs are proved through repeated acts practiced over long period of time, leading to conclusion that by common consent they have become accepted norm, or the law of the place, exclusion of ordinary law. Article 160 Federal Constitutions explain about the customs and usages having the force of law. In Malaysia, it refers to the customs of the local inhabitants which have been accepted as law by courts in Malaysia. Examples of Customary Law are Adat Pepatih, Adat Temenggung, Chinese and Indian customary law and native customs in Sabah and Sarawak. Beside customary law, there is also judicial decisions which the decision of high courts in previous cases must be followed by the lower courts in similar cases or situations. Judicial decisions can be obtained from the decision of the superior courts namely as Federal Court, Court of Appeal and High Court. Judicial decisions are divided to two categories which is binding and persuasive. In binding categories, all decisions of high courts bind the lower courts but the High Courts are bound by their own decisions. While in persuasive categories, High Court judges are not bound to follow the decisions of another High Court Judges but can refer to decisions...
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...------------------------------------------------- Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010) | Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia defines various terms used in the Constitution. It has an important impact on Islam in Malaysia and the Malay people due to its definition of a Malay person under clause 2. It took effect after August 31, 1957 ("Merdeka Day" or "Independence Day") in West Malaysia, and took effect in Singapore and East Malaysia when they merged withMalaya in 1963. The article no longer applies to Singapore, as it declared independence from Malaysia in 1965 (Singapore is also a secular state); however, it does affect the legal status of Malay Singaporeans when they enter Malaysia. ------------------------------------------------- Definition of a Malay[edit] The article defines a Malay as a Malaysian citizen born to a Malaysian citizen who professes to be a Muslim, habitually speaks the Malay language, adheres to Malay customs, and is domiciled in Malaysia or Singapore. As a result, Malay citizens who convert out of Islam are no longer considered Malay under the law. Hence, the Bumiputra privileges afforded to Malays under Article 153 of the Constitution, the New Economic Policy (NEP), etc. are forfeit for such converts. Likewise...
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...ZAMAN SEBELUM PENJAJAHAN KERAJAAN MELAYU MELAKA (KMM) LATAR BELAKANG * Empayar terpenting dari segi penyebaran Islam dan perdagangan di rantau nusantara pada abad ke-15. * Pengasasnya ialah Parameswara, putera raja Palembang yang menggunakan gelaran Megat Iskandar Shah setelah memeluk Islam. SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN * Mengamalkan sistem pemerintahan yang kemas & sistematik. * Undang-undang Laut untuk keamanan di laut. * Undang-undang Darat untuk keamanan di darat. * Pemerintahan diketuai oleh Sultan. * Sultan dibantu oleh Pembesar Berempat. STRUKTUR PEMERINTAHAN SISTEM BERAJA * Pemerintahan yang diketuai oleh seorang raja yang berkuasa mutlak dan di bantu oleh pembesar. * Cara perlantikan i.Sistem penggiliran. ii.Sistem warisan. LAPAN ORANG SULTAN * Raja Paramewara (1400 – 1414M) * Sultan Iskandar Zulkarnain Shah (1414 – 1424M) * Sultan Muhamad MShah (1424 – 1444M) * Sultan Ibrahim (1444M) * Sultan Muzaffar Shah (1444 – 1459M) * Sultan Mansur Shah (1459 – 1477M) * Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah (1477 – 1488M) * Sultan Mahmud Shah (1488 - 1511M) PARAMESWARA * Menurut Sejarah Melayu,Parameswara yang dilahirkan sebagai Dharmaraja adalah Raja Singapura terakhir yang berasal dari keturunan Srivijaya. * Pemerintahannya itu berkembang dengan pesat dan menjadi sebuah pelabuhan yang terpenting di Kepulauan Melayu pada abad ke-15 dan ke-16. * Tambahan pula, Melaka merupakan tempat perdagangan rempah dengan...
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...Praktis Formatif: Kertas 3 Cadangan Peraturan Pemarkahan 1. Pengenalan/latar belakang pembinaan negara dan bangsa. Konsep kerajaan dan negeri dalam masyarakat Melayu tradisional. …Sistem politik masyarakat Melayu tradisional adalah berbeza daripada sistem politik negara moden. …Dalam masyarakat Melayu tradisional muncul kerajaan yang membawa kepada kewujudan raja. …Kedudukan raja adalah begitu tinggi dan istimewa dalam sesebuah kerajaan. …Raja bertanggungjawab memberikan perlindungan politik dan jaminan keselamatan kepada rakyat yang mendiami kawasan kekuasaannya. …Rakyat yang mendiami wilayah yang diperintah raja pula akan menerima dan mengakui kekuasaan raja. …Kesetiaan rakyat terhadap rajanya menentukan sempadan kerajaan atau wilayah yang diperintah oleh raja tersebut. …Kerajaan yang kuat akan menakluk atau menaungi kerajaan lain yang lemah untuk mengembangkan empayarnya. …Kesultanan Melayu Melaka mempunyai banyak negeri taklukan dan naungan. …Dalam masyarakat Melayu tradisional,negeri bererti kawasan seperti Larut,negeri Bernam,dan negeri Krian. …Dalam perjanjian antara sesebuah kerajaan Melayu dengan kuasa asing,keseluruhan kerajaan merujuk kepada negeri dengan segala jajahan takluknya. Konsep Kerajaan dan negeri pada zaman penjajahan …Penjajahan kuasa barat telah mengubah konsep kerajaan dan negeri dalam masyarakat Melayu Tradisional. …Setelah British campurtangan di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu,British mulai merujuk setiap kerajaan Melayu sebagai negeri. …British menetapkan...
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...KEPERLUAN Masyarakat majmuk merujuk kepada masyarakat yang terdiri daripada pelbagai kelompok bangsa atau etnik yang berbeza, tetapi berada di bawah satu tampuk pemerintahan. Menurut J.S. Furnival, masyarakat majmuk merujuk kepada masyarakat campuran yang berbilang bangsa. Namun, tema campuran ini dalam erti kata yang sebenar, bergaul tetapi tidak bercantum. Setiap kumpulan mengamalkan agama dan adat, kebudayaan, bahasa, fahaman dan cara hidupnya sendiri. Masyarakat majmuk ini juga hidup bersebelahan tetapi terasing dalam satu unit politik. Dari segi ekonomi pula, wujud pembahagian pekerjaan mengikut kaum atau etnik. Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas: i. Terangkan secara terperinci kedudukan rakyat Tanah Melayu sebelum pembentukan masyarakat majmuk dari segi sosial, ekonomi dan politik. ii. Bincangkan ciri-ciri masyarakat majmuk dari persepktif sosial, ekonomi dan politik di Malaysia. iii. Bincangkan kesan-kesan masyarakat majmuk terhadap hubungan etnik di Malaysia. iv. Analisis dasar-dasar semasa yang dilaksanakan oleh kerajaan untuk mengukuhkan hubungan etnik di Malaysia. Soalan 1 : Terangkan secara terperinci kedudukan rakyat Tanah Melayu sebelum pembentukan masyarakat majmuk dari segi sosial, ekonomi dan politik. Sebelum abad ke-19, penduduk di Tanah Melayu dan Kepulauan Borneo terdiri daripada golongan orang Melayu,orang Asli dan kaum bumiputera Sabah dan Sarawak. Migrasi daripada luar juga berlaku tetapi jumlahnya terhad. Selain itu, terdapat...
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...1.0 Pendahuluan Islam sebagai agama yang sempurna telah menentukan cara-cara pemilikan harta yang sah menurut hukum syarak seperti pemilikan melalui hibah, wasiat, wakaf serta faraid. Pemilikan harta oleh seseorang individu melalui salah satu cara tersebut telah diiktiraf oleh Islam sebagai hak milik sempurna (Mohd Zamro 2006). Oleh yang demikian, hak milik ini tidak boleh dilucutkan oleh sesiapapun tanpa persetujuan daripada pemiliknya melainkan dengan cara yang dibenarkan. Mana-mana individu yang memiliki harta di bawah kategori hak milik sempurna adalah bebas menggunakan serta menikmati harta mereka dalam batas-batas yang ditetapkan. Justeru sebagai satu pengiktirafan kepada hak milik yang diberikan, mereka layak melaksanakan apa-apa transaksi berkaitan harta tersebut termasuk melakukan pindah milik, wakaf, wasiat dan hibah. Selain daripada itu, mereka juga berhak mewariskan harta tersebut selepas kematian dalam bentuk pusaka. Konsep pengurusan harta merupakan perkara yang amat penting bagi menjamin agar harta mampu beredar dan bergerak cergas di dalam pelbagai sektor kehidupan bagi penggunaan yang luas dan menyeluruh. Konsep pengurusan harta sedemikian memberikan hak pemilikan kepada seseorang atau segolongan yang lain. Selain itu, pengurusan harta yang baik boleh memberi galakan kepada transaksi harta agar dapat memperluaskan skop peredaran harta dan kekayaan sehingga dapat dinikmati oleh masyarakat. Oleh yang demikian, pengurusan harta secara sistematik dan teratur...
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