...Advanced Directives Death is in a sense inevitable, we can’t escape from it. In today’s day in age, we are living longer than our parents and our grandparents due to medical technology. But there are so many ethical issues and complications that go hand and hand with death. There are two forms of death, cardiac and brain-oriented. Determining these two forms of death, along with the determined time of death is vital, simply because we don’t want to treat a living person as if they were dead. With so many issues concerning death, we have to protect those who are on the brink of death or terminally ill and can’t speak for themselves, but allowing them to make preparations for the future. Advanced directives makes this possible, defined as legal documents that allow you to convey your decisions about end-of-life care ahead of time. “They provide a way for you to communicate your wishes to family, friends and health care professionals, and to avoid confusion later on.” (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/advancedirectives.html) Given the difficulties that come with making end-of-life decisions, many find those decisions to be unethical or even lawful in a sense. The choices that are made in some cases won’t please everyone and that includes family and close friends or even outsiders who are openly against making these types of choices. A living will can be used in the situation that an individual isn’t able to make life ending decisions on their own, providing a way to...
Words: 1000 - Pages: 4
...Advanced Directive Questions 1. Which of the following is not true concerning an Advanced Directive? a. AD’s are a private manner and should not be discussed between patients and their HCP.*** b. Every person has a right to decide what will be done with his or her bodies. c. Health Care Providers should encourage the use of AD’s in older adult patients. d. All patients who are able to participate in conversation should be approached about their wishes and preferences in medical treatment. 2. What are the two types of Advanced Directives? e. Living will & DNR f. Healthcare proxy & durable power of attorney g. Living will & durable power of attorney*** h. DNR & durable power of attorney 3. What does DNR stand for? i. Do not resuscitate*** j. Do not rest k. Do not respirate l. Do not read 4. Which of the following is not true concerning a Living Will? m. The physician should be aware of the LW and have a copy. n. Only the patient should have a copy of the document.*** o. The LW should be reviewed periodically to make sure it still represents the patient’s current wishes. p. The document should be available on the patient’s chart. 5. A living will q. appoints someone to serve in case you can no longer make decisions. r. distributes your belongings to those who are still living when you pass away. s. provides specific...
Words: 275 - Pages: 2
...the lack of regulation. Taxis are a great example of this. Without some regulation, the locally oligopolistic companies have little to no incentives to improve their services. Just a few years ago, a smoking taxi driver was more common than credit card payment or air conditioning in a cab. The Taxi Act of Budapest (with some, and not total regulation) quickly changed all that. On the other end of the spectrum are government-owned, monopolistic giants, such as the Post. Sluggish service provided by unmotivated employees at a high price make waiting in line at the Post office one of the most dreadful errands. A national corporation in many European countries, the postal sector is crying out for deregulation. Just the threat of EU directives liberalizing the postal service market had the staff of the Hungarian Post quickly jumping to their feet, experimenting with what they believed were costumer-friendly innovations like selling candy bars on the spot. Well... it’s a step. All in all, I believe the job of regulators is to provide a framework that allows for fair competition and to...
Words: 328 - Pages: 2
...passengers of vehicles involved in accidents. The Doctrine of Indirect EffectWhere a Directive has not been implemented by Member State or has been inadequately implemented an individual can take action against another individual by using the concept of “indirect effect” Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfahlen [1984] ECJ Article 5 EC requires Member States to "take all appropriate measures" to ensure fulfilment of Community obligations. And this means that courts must interpret national law so as to ensure the objectives of Directive are achieved. This requires an effective remedy that has a deterrent effect and is adequate in relation to the damage sustained. A Directive cannot of itself impose obligations on private partiesMarleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA [1990] ECJ Therefore, national courts must as far as possible interpret national law in the light of the wording and purpose of the Directive in order to achieve the result pursued by the Directive. This obligation applies whether the national provisions in question were adopted before or after the Directive; national courts were 'required' to interpret domestic law in such a way as to ensure that the objectives of the Directive were achieved. So, courts must do everything possible to interpret domestic law to comply with Community law. State Liability when there is no domestic law on a matter to which a Directive relates or domestic law is totally contrary to EC lawFrancovich v Italy [1991]...
Words: 1780 - Pages: 8
...ABSTRACT The HR Department of any company holds some of the most confidential and sensitive information in the organization. Data relating to employees is of a highly contentious and potentially litigious nature and has to be managed in accordance with compliance regulations. While sharing characteristics with other types of records, personnel records have some special characteristics; importance, sensitivity, longevity, quantity and ownership. We will base this report in the company called CASTELLON SA, manufacturing factory with more than 250 employees. NOTE TO THE CASTELLON SA HR DIRECTOR ABOUT WHY RECORDING, ANALYSING AND USIN HR DATA IS IMPORTANT I. Two reasons why organisations need to collect HR data. Collecting and recording HR data is vitally important to our organisation. We need to keep certain records, some because the law requires them, and some for company’s internal purposes. Being a production factory we have to ensure we are in compliance with Health and Safety laws and regulations ensuring that all staff is maintaining high health and safety awareness. To avoid any act of discrimination in our company and to prove that the company is adhering to UK’s current law and legislation we have to implement the Data Protection Act to our data collection policies. The HR data collection could help in our company’s overall performance measurement process. The data collected enable managers to make sound decisions more effectively. Some of the benefits of data...
Words: 1217 - Pages: 5
...potence their investment form their profits instead give them to the shareholders. Another special fact could by financiation by debt of the finnish companies which gives to the banks a very heavy role into the economy, sometimes having better information about the company than the shareholders. The erosion of this model started in the 1970s because of the internationalization of the finnish economy wich was accelerated by the collapse of the soviet union in the 1980s and the integration of Finland into the EU. Two reforms were written because of the previous factors and different pressures groups into 1992 and 1997 taking into consider EU Directives and also IAS’s. These reforms try to follow mainly the EU Directives but there are two things were the effect of the IASs appears, into the areas that are not covered but the EU Directives and the IASs as the principal source of justification where the changes are demanded. So the thing is that IASs on...
Words: 551 - Pages: 3
...The External environment consists of opportunities and threats that are outside the organisation and are two types: macro environment and micro environment. PEST analysis This analysis is a helpful tool to take a closer look at the general environment. Although the PEST analysis rely on past events and experience, it can be used as a forecast of the future (Wilson and Gilligan, 1998). Political factors: The political environment is good. The government is stable and reliable, even if Britain fails to achieve total agreement with some EU policies from time to time. At the present no EU directives are known which will have a direct effect on the UK clothing retail industry in the near future. Due to the EU membership a trend can be seen towards stricter environmental protection legislation. This may have a direct or indirect effect on NEXT or his suppliers. Economic factors: The current economic climate in the UK is unstable and this brings short term volatility in NEXT sales which, in turn, make forecasting difficult. In addition, the weakness of Sterling against the US Dollar and the Euro, the main purchasing currencies, has brought further challenges to their buying teams. (Next financial statement, 2009) Looking at the economic environment, it is somewhat tricky since on the one hand there is the strong sterling compared to the Euro. Euroland encourages imports and try to hold domestic prices at an attractive level. But on the other hand it is difficult for...
Words: 554 - Pages: 3
...This is a wrong answer. Item a above describes the main features of EU regulations. b. This is the correct answer. The conditions for direct effect were established in the Van Gend en Loos case. c. This is a wrong answer. The Commission has never produced any such list. 2. Which of the following types of direct effect allow an individual to rely on a provision of a directive against a Member State? a. Vertical direct effect b. Convex direct effect c. Horizontal direct effect. a. This is the correct answer. Vertical direct effect refers to a situation where an individual is allowed to rely on a provision of EU law in national proceedings against a Member State or its emanations. b. This is a wrong answer. There is no such thing as convex direct effect in EU law. c. This is a wrong answer. Horizontal direct effect concerns a situation where an individual is allowed to rely on a provision of EU law in national proceedings against another individual. 3. Which of the following sources of EU law may have both vertical and horizontal direct effect? a. Articles of the Treaties. b. EU directives. c. EU recommendations a. This is the correct answer. If the test for direct effect is met an article of the Treaties can have both vertical and horizontal direct effect. See C 43/75 Defrenne v SABENA as an example. b. This is an incorrect answer. Provisions of EU...
Words: 647 - Pages: 3
...Module 3 Aircraft Systems and Aircraft Maintenance Learning Objective #10 Determine the requirements for maintenance records, compliance with Airworthiness Directives (AD), preventive maintenance, and alterations. Web Support link: http://www.avweb.com/news/savvyaviator/190596-1.html The Savvy Aviator While browsing the Internet and reading through various FAA websites, I came across a column by a passionate pilot that likes to spread the good, educated, aviation word. I chose column #23: Maintenance Records highlighting the importance of detailed and accurate records, and compliance with FARs. One thing I found refreshing was how casual the author speaks to his audience, yet delivers a wealth of knowledge that is typically only gained through years of experience, both on and off the ground. The author goes into great detail as to what is required from the regulatory sense and what is required per good pilot and mechanic sense. He further breaks it down by addressing complying with airworthiness directives and how to annotate them properly, alterations and the depth at which they need to be captured, and preventive and routine maintenance. I found this article to be very informative and challenged my current maintenance practices, both personally and professionally. The article was simplistic enough that the youngest of aviator or manager would glean the basics, and maybe a few inches deeper of aviation knowledge, and those that have been at this for more than a...
Words: 283 - Pages: 2
...Is the Aircraft Airworthy? You’re at the airport waiting for your flight to the Bahamas so that you can start your vacation when you hear an announcement over the speakers saying that your flight is being delayed or even canceled due to a maintenance issue. What in heck just happen? What does this mean? Well basically it means that your aircraft has been deemed un-airworthy for the time being. Before an aircraft can be flown it must meet the definition of airworthy or airworthiness. Airworthiness; what does it mean for an aircraft to be consider airworthy? Is it when the aircraft is setting on the ramp waiting patiently for a pilot to come along and fly it; maybe or maybe not. First, let’s start with a simply definition of airworthy. According to Advisory Circular AC43.13-1B, which is Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices—Aircraft Inspection and Repair, airworthy is defined as; when an aircraft or one of its components parts meets its type design and is in a condition for safe operation. Now who can determine if an aircraft or one of its component parts meets it type design and is in a condition for safe operation? There are two very important people who have the skills and knowledge to determine just that question. They are the aircraft mechanic, who maintains the maintenance of the aircraft, and the aircraft owner/operator of the aircraft. Now while they both have the own responsibilities when it comes to aircraft airworthiness they most also work together...
Words: 856 - Pages: 4
...Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may operate an aircraft unless, within the preceding 12 calendar months, it has had— An annual inspection in accordance with part 43 of this chapter and has been approved for return to service by a person authorized by §43.7 of this chapter; or An inspection for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate in accordance with part 21 of this chapter. No inspection performed under paragraph (b) of this section may be substituted for any inspection required by this paragraph unless it is performed by a person authorized to perform annual inspections and is entered as an “annual” inspection in the required maintenance records.(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may operate an aircraft carrying any person (other than a crewmember) for hire, and no person may give flight instruction for hire in an aircraft which that person provides, unless within the preceding 100 hours of time in service the aircraft has received an annual or 100-hour inspection and been approved for return to service in accordance with part 43 of this chapter or has received an inspection for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate in accordance with part 21 of this chapter. The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while en route to reach a place where the inspection can be done. The excess time used to reach a place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the next 100...
Words: 1592 - Pages: 7
...AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE RATINGS AND PRIVLEGES John INTRODUCTION TO AERONAUTICAL SCIENCE, AMGT 202 MR. ROGER TAYLOR AUGUST 15, 2009 In order to perform, certify repairs and airworthiness of aircraft in the aviation industry one must possess a license(s) issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). With each rating comes privileges issued and authorized by the FAA. The ratings are: Mechanics, Repairman, Parachute Riggers and Aircraft Dispatcher. Certification of these jobs is covered under Part 65 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR’s). Also included under Part 65 is Air Traffic Controllers, but I’ll not address this career in this paper. Aviation maintenance is a demanding career that has many training requirements. An entire sub industry has been created to train aviation professionals. Schools and their training and curriculum requirements are governed by FAR 147. Under this FAR, only Airframe, Powerplant and Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) ratings may be taught. Curriculums have minimum FAA requirements and must be FAA approved. There are many schools throughout the United States that teach aviation maintenance; in fact the FAA’s web site lists over 150 certified schools within the United States alone. Additionally, many airlines and repair stations have in-house and on the job training programs to ensure personnel maintain proficiency, learn the latest techniques and newest technology. Aircraft maintenance ratings are broken down...
Words: 822 - Pages: 4
...Abstract Engineering vs. Tech-Ops Any airline operating in the United States must operate under the regulations handed down from the Federal Aviation Administration. While the regulations handed down to U.S carriers come in many forms and cover all areas related to aviation, our discussion is focused on one of the most common regulations related to aircraft maintenance, the AD (airworthiness directive). These ADs are mandatory, however, at times the FAA allows operators to develop their own method of compliance based on a particular companies resources as long as the original safety requirements are met. When they do this it’s called an AMOC (Alternate Method of Compliance). On August 11, 1999 The FAA issued AD: # APA 87-99 FAA, to order insulation replacement on select aircraft. While this directive applied to all U.S. operators we will look at implementation at Delta Airlines. As Delta began reviewing the requirements, the maintenance planning team officials decided to implement it in its own way. We will look at how communication worked and in some cases did not work in this process. When AD 87-99 was issued by the FAA in August 1999 to order the replacement of insulation certain aircraft Delta was hugely affected. In total the AD covered 699 aircraft, 247 of which were operated by Delta. The problem, according to the FAA, was the original insulation blankets were covered with metalized Mylar. Over time this metalized Mylar had become flammable and replacement was...
Words: 1662 - Pages: 7
...Name: Shawn Holland Date: May 29, 2011 Aeronautical Science for Management- AMGT 202 Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Module 5- Learning Objective #2: Define airworthiness, and define each of the airworthiness inspections required for small (under 12,500 pounds) airplanes. Website: http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/Frameset?OpenPage When trying to choose a website that could be the best match for a the learning objective, my mechanical side of my brain come out and started to think about the process by which I have to go through when performing any major maintenance inspection that is required by the FAA. An airworthiness directive (AD) is a safety message that is put out whenever a problem is found with an aircraft that is worth looking at, making it a mandatory inspection item, either once a given time period or at least once period to make sure no fault is found. As a certified A&P mechanic you are allowed to perform AD checks, needing the source of information to make sure the aircraft is in compliance with all inspections required. The website that I have listed here is not only the best source of information for compliance with all checks required per each individual airframe type, but the only accurate source of information that can be used. This website establishes the foundation for all aircraft owners, pilots, A&P’s and IA’s to have the ability of monitoring the safety of every aircraft flying in the air...
Words: 326 - Pages: 2
...* Ensuring all maintenance activities are according to the CMP and other Airworthiness requirements. * Evaluating CMP and source documents at regular intervals to keep the maintenance documents updated. * Assessing technical records data to ensure that the maintenance requirements are fulfilled and are up to date. * Planning upcoming checks for the fleet and managing several out of phase tasks to keep the aircraft on ground for a minimum period of time. * Served as a Team Leader and performed evaluation of Technical Documentation (AD/CN/SB/SIL/OIT/AOT/VSB/TFU) issued by airworthiness authorities, aircraft manufactures or vendors and took timely necessary action. * Monitoring and maintaining the Airworthiness Directives and mandatory Service Bulletins status report. * Assisting the Flight Operations with the evaluation of OEBs and their corrective actions. * Initiating Desirable and Optional modifications as required by the organization. * Managing and preparing all maintenance and modification requirements for A330 and A320 aircraft types,...
Words: 744 - Pages: 3
