...Personalized Medicine Kenneth Weddle Strayer University Science 115 Professor Meri Stanec May 21, 2012 Personalized Medicine Personalized medicine refers to the medical model that entails the customization of healthcare. Under personalized medicine, all the decisions and practices relating to an individual patient are advanced using genetic or any other vital pieces of information. The emergence of personalized medicine has helped in the reduction of costs, time, and the rate of failure of pharmaceutical clinical trials, has eliminated trial and error inefficiencies in the diagnosis of diseases, and has aided in the prescription of effective drugs and averted those that pose dangerous side effects to patients. This essay explicates the manner in which genetic technology may contribute to personalized medicine, examples of the benefits of personalized medicine, and drawbacks of personalized medicine. Modern genetic technology has played an instrumental role in leading to personalized medicine. It has led to in depth understanding of the impacts of genetics in a given disease. The understanding of the impacts of the disease has helped in the development of personalized medicine, as practitioners are able to identify the correct prescription for different diseases. Modern genetic technology has also led to personalized medicine by helping practitioners understand the significance of genes in the normal development...
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...Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initially confessed. D) genetic testing revealed that the two murdered girls were killed by two different people. E) the DNA evidence was not convincing enough to convict the suspect. Answer: C Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Biotechnology A) is a modern scientific discipline that has existed for only a few decades. B) is strictly concerned with the manipulation of DNA. C) has only been used successfully in the area of forensic science. D) has been around since the dawn of civilization. E) is generally considered more harmful than valuable to society. Answer: D Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as A) cloned DNA. B) recombinant DNA. C) a vector. D) a plasmid. E) a DNA library. Answer: B Topic: ...
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...used in scientific research, including genomic and proteomic research, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical development. As one might expect, Sigma-Aldrich has a unique customer base. Their customers include life science companies, university, government institutions, hospitals, and industrial manufacturers. Currently, the Company operates in 40 countries and has approximately 9,000 employees. Sigma-Aldrich is organized into four business units. They are Essentials, SAFC, Bio Tech, and Specialties. In terms of percentage breakdown, specialties is their biggest unit accounting for approximately 37% of sales. With more than 1.3 million customers, Sigma-Aldrich has a unique customer base. The following graph shows their customer breakdown in terms of percentages. Sigma Aldrich is a great company and has done really well in the past, but we expect this this pattern to change. We are expecting sigma to see their revenues threatened by austerity in areas such as Europe and Asia. This is because of poor economical conditions and tough competition. Our research has also shown decreasing asset turnover and days sales outstanding. Because of this, we think, sigma will be forced to give favorable terms to its customers showing a definite overall weakness in the company. We have also noticed their inefficient use of leverage. Considering that most of Sigma’s growth comes from acquisitions, we believe, this is the best time to take advantage of low interest rates. As seen in the past, strong...
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...gastrointestinal mucosa. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the fermentation pH and temperature on the surface properties and adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Results: The cells were grown at pH 5, 5.5, 6 (temperature 37°C) and at pH 6.5 (temperature 25°C, 30°C and 37°C), and their surfaces analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel-based proteomics. The results indicated that for all the fermentation conditions, with the exception of pH 5, a higher nitrogen to carbon ratio and a lower phosphate content was observed at the surface of the bacteria, which resulted in a lower surface hydrophobicity and reduced adhesion levels to Caco-2 cells as compared to the control fermentation (pH 6.5, 37°C). A number of adhesive proteins, which have been suggested in previous published works to take part in the adhesion of bacteria to the human gastrointestinal tract, were identified by proteomic analysis, with no significant differences between samples however. Conclusions: The temperature and the pH of the fermentation influenced the surface composition, hydrophobicity and the levels of...
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...The medical field has come a long way. In today’s era, we are learning more due to the technology that is available to us and making it possible for medicinal products to become personalized. In this paper I will be explaining how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine; discussing the benefits of personalized medicine; and discussing the drawbacks and limitations of personalized medicine. Explanation of how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine. In order to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine, we need to first understand what personalized medicine is. Personalized medicine is the ability to determine an individual’s unique molecular characteristics and to use those genetic distinctions to diagnose more finely individual’s disease, select treatments that increase the chances of a successful outcome and reduce possible adverse reactions. Personalized medicine is also the ability to predict an individual’s susceptibility to diseases and thus to try to shape steps that may help to avoid or reduce the extent to which an individual will experience a disease. With that being said, the advancement in technology has made it possible for doctors and geneticists use a person’s DNA to find out what kinds of diseases are in their future; thus making it possible for them to make a stepping stone to prevent them. “The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 opened the door for better understanding of...
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...sequencing of genomes, determination of the complete set of proteins encoded by an organism, and the functioning of genes and metabolic pathways in an organism. Thus genomics not only deals with the determination of the genetic information present in an organism, but also with the understanding the mechanism by which this information is used by the organism. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics. Genomics includes: ➢ Functional genomics --...
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...Application of Bootstrap method in spectrometric data analysis By XIAO Jiali, Jenny ( 0830300038) A Final Year Project thesis (STAT 4121; 3 Credits) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Statistics at BNU-HKBU UNITED INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE December, 2011 DECLARATION I hereby declare that all the work done in this Project is of my independent effort. I also certify that I have never submitted the idea and product of this Project for academic or employment credits. XIAO Jiali, Jenny (0830300038) Date: ii Application of Bootstrap method in spectrometric data analysis XIAO Jiali, Jenny Science and Technology Division Abstract In this project the bootstrap methodology for spectrometric data is considered. The bootstrap can also compare two populations, without the normality condition and without the restriction to comparison of means. The most important new idea is that bootstrap resampling must mimic the separate samples design that produced the original data. Bootstrap in mean, bootstrap in median, and bootstrap in confidence interval are three kinds of effective way to handle mass spectrometric data. Then,we need to reduce dimension based on bootstrap method. It may allow the data to be more easily visualized. Afterwards, using results obtained by bootstrap, we use data mining method to predict a patient has ovarian cancer or not. Decision tree induction and neural network are usual way to...
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...International Journal of Biological Sciences Impact Factor ISSN 1449-2288 News feeds of IJBS published articles Manuscript Status/Login Contact 6 May 2015 Home Index & Ranking Current Issue Archive Cover Images Editorial Board Author Info Submission Special Issues Contact Journal of Genomics now in PubMed/PubMed Central. Submit manuscript... Top Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Supplementary Material Acknowledgements References International Journal of Medical Sciences Journal of Cancer Theranostics Journal of Genomics PubMed Central Indexed in Journal Impact Factor PDF Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11(5):546-558. doi:10.7150/ijbs.11084 Research Paper Evidence for Fungal Infection in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain Tissue from Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Ruth Alonso1, Diana Pisa1, Ana Isabel Marina1, Esperanza Morato1, Alberto Rábano2, Izaskun Rodal2, Luis Carrasco1 Corresponding address 1. Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”. c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain. 2. Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid. Spain. How to cite this article: Alonso R, Pisa D, Marina AI, Morato E, Rábano A, Rodal I, Carrasco L. Evidence for Fungal Infection in Cerebrospinal Fluid...
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...CASE STUDY: ROCHE’S NEW SCIENTIFIC METHOD QUESTION 1 For new drugs and size up toxicity risks earlier than ever. Projects needed to be managed in a totally different way. Roche can now churn out 1 million genomics experiments a day. Whereas research teams once spent years looking for a single good idea, they now must consider hundreds or even thousands of candidates daily. The data that is generated is overwhelming not only for the researchers, but also for Roche’s large infrastructure of computers. Despite the daunting task, the potential is too great for Roche to ignore. At a recent media briefing, Roche Group chairman and CEO Franz Humer declared, ‘‘look at this revolution of genetics, genomics, and proteomics. It’s becoming ever clearer that we will be able to identify early the predisposition of people to disease—and to monitor and treat them more effectively. We’ll develop markers for cancer. That will lead to better test kits and to new pharmaceuticals.’’ Thus, Roche’s U.S. pharmaceuticals headquarters is making adjustments to deal with having ‘too much data, too fast.’ Roche’s management has recognized that it needs to rethink the best ways to build teams, hire people, and create a culture where failure is all right, as long as it is fast. Roche has had to embrace an ¬-organizational revolution to accommodate the technological revolution. QUESTION 2 Roche mainly employs the Innovation strategy through the use of IT, driving change in organizational culture and...
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...* DNA technology – Methods for studying and manipulating genetic material, has rapidly revolutionized the field of forensics, the scientific analysis of evidence for legal investigators * Has practical applications beyond its use in forensic science * Include the use of gene cloning in the production of medical and industrial products, the development of genetically modified organisms for agriculture, and even the investigation of genealogical questions * DNA evidence was used to solve a double murder in England * Showed that two murders could have been committed by the same person * Showed the innocence of someone who confessed to one of the murders * Showed the absence of a match in 5,000 men tested when the murderer persuaded another man to donate blood in his name * Showed a match with the murder and DNA found with both victims * Biotechnology: The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products * Grew out of discoveries made about 60 years ago by American geneticists Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum * Performed a series of experiments with E.coli that demonstrated that two individual bacteria can combine genes * Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes for practical purposes * Gene cloning leads to the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA * Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA sequences from two different sources ...
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...as well as use of graphical user interface in medical devices.In today’s world heart problems are one of the most common problems occurs in every second person in the world.So to do continue monitoring we need something which can monitor the patient for 24 hours. cardiology is the one of the few medical department that takes maximum advantage of Embedded technology. Generic Requirements for a embedded system in the field: • Safety – Protection from physical hazards: radiation, voltage, heat/cold, moving parts – Sterizability and resistance to various fluids – Avoidance of clinical errors • Ease of use – Easy to learn (not only for experienced radiological operators) – Efficient in routine use – Optimal support for clinical workflow • Image and signal quality – The best images or signals you can get – Easy to control – Reproducible Connection to clinical infrastructure A challenge with embedded systems in medicine is that The medical world has gathered an enormous mass of knowledge. The knowledge is available via a very heterogeneous set of sources such as Classifications, Scientific articles/abstracts, Clinical guidelines, Genomics and proteomics databases , Image databases etc. Medical equipment is more and more expected to take this knowledge into account – make it accessible to its users. This therefore makes it increasingly challenging to program systems keeping all these requirements in mind depending on the type of system. Another challenge is that Medical systems (almost...
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...Industry 2009; 2 Key Growth Drivers for Global Pharmaceutical Market 1 Sluggish Growth in Mature Markets Economic slowdown leading to reduced healthcare spending Top brands’ patent expiries and very few new product launches Decentralization of government healthcare budgets. High healthcare expenditure by government 2 Faster Growth in Emerging Markets Broader public and private healthcare funding Greater access to, and demand for, innovative medicines 250 200 150 100 50 0 3 Pressure on healthcare budgets worldwide More doctors prescribing Generic Drugs Huge generics future outlook $ 224 Bn drugs coming off patent Declining Patented Drugs Sales & Rising Generics Acceptability Cost advantage over Branded drugs 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50 40 30...
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...expression profiling. E. Uyy, V.I. Suica, R.M. Boteanu, D. Manda, A.E. Baciu, C. Badiu, F. Antohe, Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones are potential active factors in thyroid tumorigenesis, One of the emerging and evolving into a powerful way to study many kinds of diseases and cancers is known as Mass spectrometry imaging or MSI. It has advantages like there is a wide possibility of combining the information of both molecular as well as morphological pathology of the disease. Also the molecular compounds or the drugs can be picturized greatly which helps with deriving the information about the tissue. L.A. McDonnell, R.M.A. Heeren, Imagingmass spectrometry,Mass Spectrom. Rev. 26 (2007) 606–643. The molecules can be characterized and classified into tumors in MRI. MRI can find the molecule profile of the tumor eg. Cancer, inflammation or precancerous. J. E.A., N. Schmitz, W. C.J., F. C.K., A. van Remoortere, v.Z. R.J., H. A.J., H. P.C., D. A.M., A. A.F., B. J.V., L.A. McDonnell Recent studies proved that the MALDI MSI technique is efficient in distinguishing between benign tumors and papillary cancers of thyroid as it uses the proteomic signatures of the cell samples. Proteins produced in thyroid cancer can be differentiated from the normal thyroid proteins by this technology. These studies showed that MSI technology used in signatures of molecule can potentially a great innovation in the field of classification of malignancies of thyroid. The MALDI-MSI is aimed to be used...
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...Beside considering how the outcomes relates to the preferences of each individual, the concepts of technical and allocative value were also introduced and aimed to increase efficacy on how the resources are allocated and distributed to different groups within a population. Overall, the purpose of the programme is to shift from a focus on allocation between primary, secondary and tertiary care, to a focus on allocation towards solving chronic health problems – e.g. cancer, mental health and respiratory health. [1][2][3] As a result, personalized medicine has been gradually introduced since 2011 to describe the personal value of individual, which is defined by the tailored therapeutic strategies based on the genomic, epigenomic and proteomic profile of a patient. The patient’s response is then closely monitored with direct or additional measurements (e.g. biomarkers), and the treatment can be adjusted and adopted according to individual response. [1][3][7] Therefore, personalization will enable care that will be preventive, predictive and participatory...
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...DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE Obstacles and Opportunities for Collaboration Among Academia, Industry and Government January 13–14, 2005 Washington, DC David Korn, M.D. Donald R. Stanski, M.D. Editors DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE Obstacles and Opportunities for Collaboration Among Academia, Industry and Government Report of an Invitational Conference Organized by The Association of American Medical Colleges Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Development Science, at the University of California, San Francisco January 13-14, 2005 Washington, DC David Korn, M.D. Donald R. Stanski, M.D. Editors DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is the report of a conference convened by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Food and Drug Administration in response to the FDA white paper entitled “Innovation or Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Product Development”. The conference was partially supported by the FDA. The AAMC acknowledges with gratitude the additional support provided by Abbott Laboratories, Cephalon, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmith Kline, Merck & Co. Inc., and Pfizer, Inc. The conference planning committee consisted of Drs. David Korn, Joel Kupersmith, Carl Peck, Donald Stanski, and Janet Woodcock. Figures 1 and 2 are taken from the FDA white paper. The back cover composite is derived from charts presented at the conference by Dr. Peter Corr, Pfizer, Inc. The report was designed by Douglas Ortiz, AAMC...
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