...African American Letter to a Friend African American Letter to a Friend Dear Sonya, May 24, 2012 It is amazing everything that I have learned about my heritage and what my ancestors have gone through to achieve what we have today. The past week I have spent visiting my grandparents in Alabama who have done research and found out all about where we come from as a family. Also looking at what my ancestors went through to get to where we are today has taught me to be so appreciative to what I have. Researching my family history has shown me everything that my race has gone through in American history. The first day my grandmother showed me how far back they have traced my family history. It starts with the first of the slaves that were brought over to America, from Africa, in 1619. They were brought over to Jamestown, Virginia as indentured servants that were released after a certain period of time. Slavery was not legal until 1641 in Massachusetts, and then other states just followed them. This was when states also made it legal to sell and trade slaves from one owner to the next, even the women and children. By the 1700’s in the south about 25% or more of the population was slaves versus the north where there was only about 2% of the population was slaves. This is so sad that my ancestors were treated like objects and not human beings, how could people be so mean? The next day my grandparents explained to me about the African slaves during the American Revolutionary...
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...com, studymode.com, Franklin, J., & Moss Jr., A. (2000). From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. Eighth Edition. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Lawson, Steven F. “Segregation.” Freedom’s Story, Teacher Serve©. National Humanities Center. Retrieved on July 7, 2012. http://www.history.com/topics/slavery. NAACP: 100 Years of History. Retrieved from http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history My Dearest Friend Charlotte, It is nice to hear from you after all these years that we have been apart and gotten so busy in our lives to keep in regular contact. I am glad to hear that things are going so very well for you and your family. In your last letter I read that you would like to knowmore about my race and would like to use some of it for your paper for your class. I would be very happy to share some insight on my race and give you some background information on African Americans. The African decent has shaped the course of American history for over 500 years, such as the fight against slavery to the March on Washington. In the early 17th century white European settlers turned and went from indentured servants, which were mostly poorer Europeans to a cheaper labor source: the African slaves (History, 2009). In 1619 a Dutch ship brought 10 Africans to the British colony on Jamestown, Virginia. From that time on slavery spread quickly throughout the American colonies. The Stono Uprising in September of 1739 in South Carolina was the most serious slave...
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...Rhetorical Analysis of "Letter from Birmingham Jail" “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly” quoted by Martin Luther King Jr. He was an American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. During the civil rights protests, he was arrested in Birmingham, Alabama because for protesting without a permit. Some realized arresting Dr. King is the best idea. However, Dr. King did not let jail block his...
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...defined by race, or the color of your skin, This dystopian reality was America in 1963, In 1963 Martin Luther King was put in jail for protesting the mistreatment of african americans in Birmingham, Alabama. During his time in jail he wrote a letter to some Clergymen. In this letter he shows the injustice that was thriving in America. The unfair segregation and why they should espouse their rights. In 1963 Martin Luther King was held captive in the Birmingham city jail for protesting about the mistreatment of african americans. He wrote a letter responding to his fellow clergymen because they called his actions “unwise and untimely” In this letter explaining his actions in paragraph 7 it states “explain to your six year old daughter why she can't...
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...kicked off the Birmingham campaign, a campaign that was designed to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. This campaign was led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a minster from Atlanta, Georgia that also served as the president of SCLC. Dr. King along with other SCLC volunteers and supporters were arrested on April12, 1963 after violating an anti-protest injection what was obtained by Birmingham’s police commissioner Bull Connor. This was Dr. King’s 13th arrest and during this time he was kept in solitary confinement where he pinned the famous “Letters from Birmingham Jail.” In this letter Dr. King addressed the criticism that had been published in the Birmingham News from a group of eight local white clergymen who codenamed his methods of using non-violent protests to eliminate racial injustice. In the open letter the eight clergymen felt that though injustice did exist in the American society that the battle against racial segregation should be addressed in the courts verses in the streets. They also felt as it the protest was unwise and untimely and seemed to take issue to the fact that the protest was organized and led by outsiders. In Dr. King’s response his aim was to defend the use of non-violent protests and also to appeal to the American society, both black and white. In the beginning of Dr. King’s letter, he responds to the criticism that he and his fellow activists were “outsiders” causing trouble in Birmingham. Dr....
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...Issue of Racial Prejudice In “Letter to Birmingham Jail”, written by Martin Luther King Jr., King Jr. shares the deep concern for the ever growing and desperate need for resolve in the area of racism. Racism was a “deep fog of misunderstanding” (A-59) in the 1960’s when the Civil Rights Movement was happening. People were scared to accept others due to their different skin color. Because of this fear, the lives of African American were made unbearable. M.L. King Jr. wrote this letter to explain the growing problem of segregation and racism on our country. Racial prejudice is “prejudice against, or hostility toward, people of another race or color or of an alien culture” (Webster-Dictionary) and during the 1960s, African Americans were ostracized and alienated from society. Martin Luther King Jr. stated, “Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever” (A-55). African Americans collectively strived towards change and King Jr. was no different. He hoped that “love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation” (A-59). In times of harsh judgment, the nation was too scared to accept someone whose skin color was different, therefore African Americans were denied basic rights that should be available to anyone and everyone. Racial issues are a growing problem everywhere. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote “Letter to Birmingham Jail” to share his opinion on the matter. Prejudice is an issue that needed to be resolved and prevented. King’s letter is a bold statement of how no form...
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...This was especially true with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter From Birmingham Jail. “I wish you had commended the Negro sit inners and demonstrators of Birmingham for their sublime courage, their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation” (Dr. King, Pg. 153). This letter which was put in newspapers shows that King was expressing his beliefs in the movement and demonstrating that those involved with the movement are heroes due to their courage in the face of racism and racial attacks, which this letter being in response to Alabama clergymen who did not like Dr. King’s methods. This letter being distributed in newspapers inspired many to support the Civil Rights Movement due to the way Dr. King used religion to support his non violent stance. Even though written word was very inspirational and is able to spread beliefs in a strong way, a stronger way to spread beliefs is through actually hearing that message through...
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...clergymen wrote an article condemning Dr. King for hypocrisy and breaking the law. In response to the article, Dr. King wrote the “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” in which he clarified the difference between a just and unjust law, stating we, as human beings, have “not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust...
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...At the point when Rev Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., made his name in the United States of America, he was arrested and detained inside a prison in Birmingham, AL, for reason obscure. While he was holding up in prison, eight caucasian priests of Alabama issued a letter to African-Americans and asked them to quit dissenting in the boulevards. King was exasperated by this letter, and reacted by composing "A Letter From a Birmingham Jail" asserting that African-Americans will never get the rights they merit in the event that they quit dissenting. King’s first rhetorical strategy he used was the use of loaded language. King used loaded language to assist in the understanding of the horrors that were being wreaked upon African-Americans everyday. One example of this is when King said, “ But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim”. This statement told about...
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...In “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King Jr. King uses a variety rhetorical devices in order to counter claims made by the clergymen who wrote him a letter while he was in jail. The purpose of King’s letter was to defend not only his actions but the actions of other fellow African Americans. According to Dr. King, Birmingham was the most segregated city in the south. Blacks were forced to adhere to laws that would be considered inhumane and unlawful in modern times. The continuation of these laws caused King to eventually turn his focus towards Birmingham. His method of non-violent direct action landed him in jail numerous times. After receiving the letter from the clergymen he decided to write his own letter in response to theirs. Throughout the letter there are many examples of pathos, logos, and allusion that are used to advance his argument. Dr. King was able to effectively use pathos in order to pull out sympathy from its reader. During the 1950’s and 1960’s, the African American race faced many political and social injustices that hindered their progression in society. Groups such as the KKK caused African Americans to operate in fear. In order to make his audience feel the pain that African Americans went through, in...
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...Between the years of 1950 and 1960, there was a discrimination upon race amidst White and African American people. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. decided to begin a protest against it in which he believed the treatment was unfair and "injustice" however, he went to jail for doing so and the Alabama Clergymen wrote him a letter to call it off, Dr. King responded. In the response letter by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the iconic civil rights leader seeks to utilize emotional, logical, as well as ethical appeals to defends the nonviolent resistance effort. Emotional appeal, a method used to persuade an individual or group by trying to generate an emotional response. Dr. King uses this appeal in order to convince the eight Alabama Clergymen of how the protest he held against racism is not something he is going to stop as well as that they should agree with the movement. In trying to persuade the Alabama Clergymen Dr. King mentions how an abundance of African American mothers and fathers have to answer questions that their children ask regarding the difference in treatment between Caucasians and African Americans. For example, in the letter one of the questions that were used to attempt to make the clergymen feel...
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...Michael Webb John Sauls ENGL 1010-022 11 October 2013 A Letter From a Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15 in the year 1929. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King Jr. had a tremendous impact on the desegregation of the United States, primarily the South, in the ‘60's. Many people believe that he in fact had one of if not the greatest and most influential impact of any civil rights leader in history. King Jr. began his civil rights activities in 1955 when he protested in Montgomery, Alabama against their horribly segregated public bus system. The protest was started after an African American lady on a bus by the name of Rosa Parks was arrested after she decided not to give up her seat to a white male passenger longing for a place to sit. After the arrest, African Americans gathered and encouraged others to boycott the Montgomery bus system. An underground society called the Montgomery Improvement Association was formed and with no surprise Martin Luther King Jr. was elected the president. The group’s methods were efficient and most importantly non violent. The group’s protests had success and soon after, the bus lines abandoned their segregated rules and African Americans no longer had to boycott the bus system. King dedicated his life to being a civil rights activist. Today he is most famously remembered for his non-violent protests in working toward racial equality. King was such an important figure and served as inspiration in...
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...BGLO Membership and Class Participation 94 The Effects of Sorority and Fraternity Membership on Class Participation and African American Student Engagement in Predominantly White Classroom Environments Shaun R. Harper The relationship between Black Greek-letter organization membership and African American student engagement in almost exclusively White college classrooms was explored in this study. Data were collected through interviews with 131 members from seven undergraduate chapters at a large, predominantly White university in the Midwest. This study resulted in an explanatory model that shows how underrepresentation, voluntary race representation, and collective responsibility positively affect active participation, while Forced Representation has a negative effect. Findings also reveal that faculty teaching styles both positively and negatively affect engagement among African American sorority and fraternity members in their classes. The implications of these findings are discussed at the end of the article. The title of Kimbrough‘s (2005) article, ―Should Black Fraternities and Sororities Abolish Undergraduate Chapters?‖ captures the essence of an ongoing debate among students, various stakeholders on college and university campuses across the country, and leaders of the nine national Black Greekletter organizations (BGLOs). Instead of offering a balanced description of risks and educational benefits associated with membership, Kimbrough...
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...What are the purposes of Nettie’s letters in ‘The Color Purple’? Nettie begins to write to Celie, from the first letter you can see that she is writing close to Standard American English. Nettie is a key character in ‘The Color Purple’, Walker wants to show the parallels and contrasts between Celie and Nettie- there are remarkable similarities and significant differences. Celie is the primary Narrator, but Nettie becomes the secondary narrator. Her first letter shows that she is able to voice other characters. Nettie has been saved by Celie from a young age, and she is aware of this. The two sisters have a strong bond, Nettie has a more developed education than Celie. Nettie acknowledges the sacrifices that Celie has made for her-“I think about the time you laid yourself down for me”. Alice Walker uses Nettie to explore to some extent the links between African American heritage and their relationship with Africa. Nettie learns that Africans were sold to the West because Africans “loved money more than their own brothers and sisters”. Nettie is important to the novel, for the news that she gives Celie about Olivia and Adam help to keep the children alive in Celie’s heart. She explains that after leaving Celie she went to the Reverend’s place and discovered a girl who had the same facial features as Celie- “she had your eyes set in your face”. Nettie’s letters convey that the two sisters had a very different upbringing. Nettie has had greater freedoms, she has had a more...
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...The Willie Lynch letter was a speech delivered by Willie Lynch will the purpose of teaching slave owners like himself, methods of enslavement. The letter emphasize, if done correctly slavery will endure for a minimum of 300 years, which is the year of 2012. Three centuries has passed, and the letter still affected in our society today. The letter is demonstrated through systemic racism, which is structured racism into our social and political institutions, which is executed deliberately in contradiction of cultural groups. Similarly, the letter objective was to create internalized racism, where two individuals from the same background have hatred towards one another. The methods used centuries ago were to keep us living in a white male predominance society, in which they are depicted as the superior. One of the methods that systemic racism is manifest is by the implantation of drugs in the urban communities. The implantation of drugs in the urban communities typically results in the incarceration of a black descent male due to the tracking of drugs or the usage of drugs to execute themselves. The high level of government surveillance in the cities are for the solely purpose to...
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