...The global financial crisis of 2007 – 2008 impacted every nation in the world, but the timing and severity of the impact varied greatly depending on various factors such as the sovereign debt as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) prior to the financial crisis, as well as the level of exposure to the Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) sub-prime mortgagebacked securities of the different countries. Where governments and banks had significant exposure to CDOs, which became known as toxic debt instruments in the wake of the financial crisis, the impact was experienced more speedily and more severely. South Africa had very limited exposure to these debt instruments, so the impact on their economy lagged other economies such as the USA. a) South Africa’s macroeconomic performance before, during and after the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 As indicated by the figures in Table 1 below, production and the utilisation of production capacity began tapering down in 2008 as the financial crisis took hold. The figures for 2009 clearly describe the impact of the crisis on South Africa at the bottom of the cycle with reductions of 13.9% in production, 16.2% in sales, and 6.8% in the utilisation of production capacity from 2008. It should be noted that production, sales and utilisation of production capacity had by the end of 2012 still not recovered to the levels recorded for 2008. Table 1: South Africa’s production, sales and utilisation of production...
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...Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and effect to Latin America Name: Institution: Date: Abstract In 1997, the Asian Financial Crisis spread rapidly all over the Asia and affected almost all the economies in the world. Prior to the Asian Financial Crisis, the Asian countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Singapore experienced a remarkable growth in the economy that was considered the highest in the world. These Asian economies increased by a notable proportion of 6 to 10 percent annually in the GDP. However, what had been regarded as an Asian miracle seemed to crumple down rapidly 1997 when these Asian countries were faced with a severe financial crisis in their local stock and currency markets. When the economies started recovering from the crisis in 1998, the stock markets in several countries had considerably lost more than 70 percent of their worth, while their currencies depreciated in comparison to the US dollar (Pettis, 2001). The Asian Financial Crisis also affected several nations in the Latin America as they experienced a relentless economic meltdown that had detrimental effects to the economies. For instance, the financial crisis force multinational firms to close down due to liquidation, the banking system deteriorated and this forced high levels of lay-offs leading to unemployment. In addition, the financial crisis resulted in the loss of the people’s purchasing power in the Latin American while nations turned to...
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...information that is transmitted through these channels. Ordinarily, the role of digital media is to act as a medium of communication. However, in the case that the accuracy of the information is not controlled, it can lead to various impacts to the society. The digital media played a very significant role in the financial crisis through the spread of information. As such, this paper analyses digital media ethics in relation to the global financial crisis and its effects to the society. The World Financial Crisis The global economic crisis has caused many problems nearly to all the sectors of the economy in the world. Many countries have suffered deep in their growth domestic product while recession has a common experience all over the world. The severity of the crisis has persisted to the recent times, but this can be attributed to the debts incurred by some developed economies like Greece even after strong support from other countries. As a result, the world’s financial system experiencing these global economic crisis of severe staggering magnitude, there are those who believe that it will continue to be experienced across all sectors of the economy. The financial crisis is thought to have been caused by the United States mortgage market through its decision to sell sub-prime mortgages to an expanded number of consumers and, which resulted to modest or insufficient...
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...Introduction There have been some major financial crises in the world in the recent past. The crisis are the European Monetary System that occurred in 1992-1993, The Mexican crisis 1994-1995, the Asian crisis 1997-1998 and the recent global financial crisis 2007-2009. The recent financial crisis has affected the international trade. The financial crisis began in the United States in 2007 in the housing market resulting in foreclosures. The crisis continued to grow and eventually turned into a global financial crisis as well as an economic crisis. As a result, some major banks, insurance companies and investment houses faced bankruptcy while others needed financial aid to continue operating. Many businesses involved in the international trade have been struggling in their financial management during the credit crunch because a business is supposed to remain successfully even during crisis times. The managers in businesses involved in the international trade have had to make decisions to help their organizations stay afloat during the financial crisis. Economists are of the opinion that a financial crisis results from feeble economic fundamentals for instance, fiscal deficit, reduced foreign reserve and increased foreign debt among others. The financial crisis eased in 2009 but its effects were felt globally. The effects on the international trade occur because of the trade links among countries at the global market through a contagious effect (Glick & Rose, 1999). The contagious...
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...The Global Financial Crisis and Its Impacts on Developing Countries Student’s Name Professor’s Name Institution Dates Page no. 1.0 Origin of financial crisis………………………………………………………………… 3 2.0 causes of the financial crisis …………………………………………………………. 3-4 3.0 Channels of Transmitting Financial crisis ……………………………………………… 4 3.1 Transmission through financial flows ……………………………………….. 4-6 3.2 transmission through trade ……………………………………………………… 6 4.0 responses to the crisis by developing countries ………………………………………. 6 4.1 fiscal stimulation measures ………………………………………………….. 6-7 4.2 money policies ………………………………………………………………….. 7 5.0 reference ………………………………………………………………………………… 8 The Global Financial Crisis and Its Impacts on Developing Countries Origin of Financial Crisis The financial crisis originated form the United States’ economy. In the year 2007 during summer after two Bear Stearns Hedge Funds collapsed resulting to subprime mortgage crisis. This financial crisis reintroduced private defaults, bank failures, massive layoffs and credit crunch to the world. The financial crisis was as a result of too much foreign money from Asian countries like China flowing into the economy of US (Savona, Kirton, & Oldani, 2011). Causes of the Financial Crisis Creation of too much money by the banks had led to the crisis. New money is created when the banks give loans to the public. By giving loans, the banks created a large sums of money during the run up to the financial crisis. Many people had...
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...Commercial Bank: Wells Fargo Background: Wells Fargo is the largest bank in terms of market capitalization and the fourth largest bank in the United States in terms of assets. The present Wells Fargo is a result of a merger between San Francisco-based Wells Fargo & Company and Minneapolis-based Norwest Corporation in 1998. Later on October 3, 2008, Wells Fargo acquired Charlotte-based Wachovia for about $15.1 billion in a stock-for-stock transaction. Its headquarters is currently located in San Francisco, California. Wells Fargo is a diversified financial services company that provides credit cards, consumer banking, corporate banking, investment banking, global wealth management, financial analysis, private equity, insurance and etc. Wells Fargo and the 2008 Financial Crisis | Before the crisis | During the crisis | After the crisis | Profitability Ratios | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ROA% (Net) | 1.76 | 1.52 | 0.28 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.23 | ROE % (Net) | 19.6 | 17.23 | 3.61 | 11.64 | 10.38 | 11.90 | Net Interest Margin % | 61.88 | 59.62 | 72.05 | 82.32 | 84.77 | 86.54 | Calculated Tax Rate % | 33.45 | 30.70 | 18.48 | 29.62 | 33.36 | 31.47 | | | | | | | | Debt Management | | | | | | | Total Debt to Equity | 9.51 | 11.08 | 12.22 | 10.13 | 8.95 | 8.37 | Equity Multiplier | 10.51 | 12.08 | 13.22 | 11.13 | 9.95 | 9.37 | | | | | | | | Asset Management | | | | | | | Total Asset Turnover | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.08...
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...2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS Name Course Date 1. Background The financial crisis commenced in August 2007 after the preceding inflation. The crisis became more defined throughout 2007 and gained momentum in 2008. This took place even after the financial regulators and the central banks’ tireless attempts to tame the situation. It is alleged that the main factors that influenced its manifestation include corruption, fraud, speculation, greed, bankers and bankers’ bonuses. However, the academic discourse, politics or media has been unable to solve the mystery surrounding the main causes of the crisis[1]. The mystery is academically relevant to the world of research just like the Great Depression, whose causes are still being discussed. Other sources believe that the crisis might have been as a cause of human failures especially following the refusal to bail out the Investment Bank Lehman Brothers. The housing bubble was the immediate trigger of the 2008 financial crisis. The following were the triggers under the housing bubble. I. Subprime lending A subprime mortgage is the mortgage that is readily acceptable without imposing strict measures of standard on it. Before the 2008 financial crisis, there existed a fierce competition between mortgage lenders. The competition between the mortgage lenders ensued from the struggle for market share and revenue. It also took place in tandem with limited supply of creditworthy borrowers which put unconditional stress...
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...Thought (ECO 105) Robert Ellmann Financial Crises Irina Sterpu __________________________________________________________________________________ OUTLINE Introduction into the topic and its origins The Great Depression 1929-1939 German Hyperinflation 1918-1923 The Great Recession 2008 1973 Oil Crisis European Sovereign Debt Crisis 2009, onward Ruble Crisis 1998 Black Monday 1987 Conclusion References Financial crises – definitions and origin The majority of economists and monetarists define financial crises as a manifestation form of banking crises, with an impact on financial stability and reaching the state of collapse of the financial infrastructure in the absence of central bank‟s intervention. Financial collapse which affects most of the companies generates quickly problems over the banking system as the following consequences: the panic of the clients, inability to distinguish between the efficiency and the difficulty of banks, deposit withdrawals. Jack Reed, an American politician mentions: “The financial crisis is a stark reminder that transparency and disclosure are essential in today's marketplace.” In economic literature, the problems in the banking system are the main sources of the financial crises. All the economic collapses require injections of liquidity or public financial funds, in some cases, private funds from banks and international institutions. Financial crises have usually as a consequence...
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...As far as we know, there were more than five economic and financial crises during the recent 200 years. Society was suffering from such downturns, because each of them had its own characteristics and consequences which affected the whole economic world. In the next passages I would like to tell you about the history of financial crises and about the solutions made by governments and departments which helped to reduce the bad effects of it. Not a single year has gone by in the past two centuries where there was not a financial crisis somewhere in the world (see figure 1). Arguably, the world witnessed its first international financial crisis in 1825. The opening up of Latin America after the overthrow of the Spanish empire led to the opening up of international trade between England and the Latin American republics. The result was massive capital flows from London to finance infrastructure, mining and government spending. But once the capital outflows impinged on the Bank of England’s (BoE) gold reserves, the policy rate was raised, leading to a banking crisis. A sudden stop of capital flow from London resulted in banking panics in the US and currency crashes across Latin America. Figure 1: The history of financial crises Indeed, the crisis in 1825 marked the first of seven clusters of sovereign defaults in the period 1800 to 2010 In the first cluster of defaults, which happened during 1824-1834, 13 Latin...
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...Argentina’s 1980-1982 Banking Crisis In Argentina’s crisis of 1980’s financial institutions were forced to rely heavily on Central Bank financial assistance when they encountered deposit withdrawals. The largest investment bank and the second largest commercial bank failed. More than 70 institutions had to be liquidated or placed in intervention between 1980 and 1982. Bank Runs: After Mexican Peso Crisis, foreign investors’ feared Argentina with a weakening economy would devalue its currency, initiated a capital flight. As a result, lower wages, lower salaries, and high unemployment rates began to rise. Widespread fear of a financial meltdown triggered Bank Runs. Suspension of Payments: Banks, suspended payments denying the ability to withdraw funds. Debt for Deposit Swap: The government offered government bonds swap for deposits with few takers. Deposit Insurance: The Central Bank established a deposit-insurance program to rebuild confidence. Bank Nationalization and Restructuring: The Central Bank closed some banks, and nationalized others. The 1982-86 Banking Crisis in Chile Reaction Phase Toxic Assets Removal: Banks were assessed for their long-term viability. Viable banks sold ‘bad loans’ to the Central Bank, with a repurchase agreement. Most banks used this facility to the tune of $5 billion. Liquidity Enhancement Central Bank’s Secured and subsidized Loans on Collateral: Government provided secured loans (using bank assets as collateral)...
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...7 high-level principles on business continuity and was issued to various financial industry participants as guidelines. The 7 principles provide a comprehensive overview of the necessary steps for business continuity planning. Financial industry participants are required to develop respective business continuity planning in accordance to the 7 high-level principles. There are various incidents within the last decade that has resulted in major operational disruption to financial industry. However, with the guidance of the 7 high-level principles, most of the participants were able to cope with crisis well and survive through the crisis. In this report, several case studies were researched and commented on their business continuity planning. Subprime crisis which caused the collapse of Lehman Brothers has caused a significant stir in the financial industry. Many counterparties ended up with huge exposure and default due to the fall of Lehman Brothers. However, Euroclear was able to manage the crisis well after it activated its crisis management plan which has been developed before the crisis. Similarly, terrorist’s attack on New York World Trade Center has not only caused major security issues but has also significantly affecting the financial industry. Bank of America and Deutsche Bank were the direct victims of the terrorist attack. Both banks remained sound operation and survived through the crisis due to well business continuity planning. Besides, Hurricane Gustav that...
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...saw one of the greatest financial crisis since the great depression of the 1930s. This financial crisis also known as the “Great Recession” caused various problems for different economies worldwide. The collapse of the Lehman Brothers bank, a sprawling global bank, in September 2008 almost brought down the world’s financial system. Large sums of tax payer based bail-outs were needed in order to shore up the company. However, the issuing credit crunch made matters worse as it turns the global financial crisis into the worst resection of the last eighty years (The Economist, 2013). The case of the global financial crisis was based upon the bank’s lending policies and the status of the housing sector. Basically, when banks make a loan, new money is created and just before the recession, banks created huge sums of new money by making new loans. In just seven years the banks doubled the amount of money and the amount of debt within the economy. Thereafter, the banks used this new money to increase the prices on houses instead of allowing money to flow to business outside the financial sector. From the money banks created between 2000 and 2007, thirty one percent went to residential properties, which pushed the prices of houses up faster than wages, twenty percent went to commercial real estate, increasing the prices on office buildings and thirty two percent went to the financial sector while only eight percent went to business outside the financial sector. After this the debts created...
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...globalization and the globalization has more benefits. For example, it can reduce the goods costing, which some countries can open the factories on China. However, the globalization has some disadvantages. For example, the global financial crisis occurred on 2008. This essay is going to analyses how globalization and global financial crisis in the business environment impact on the organization you work in and the tasks you undertake. The globalization refers to the system of contact among the countries of the world in order to improve the global economy. The globalization is the amalgamation of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization including economic, technological, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure (Hotbabefacthicks, 2010). The global financial crisis refers to a widespread economic emergency that began in 2007. Beginning with the crash of the United States financial system, the crisis quickly spread worldwide, thanks to the interconnected marks of modern global trading systems. It is still impossible to fully explain the effects of the global financial crisis, as the disaster continues to damage and impede markets worldwide even several years after the initial event (wiseGEEK, 2003-2012). To make the information more clear, we have an interview with two businesses Page 1 people, first one is Lily from JILI Car Company and David is from...
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...happiness and excitement flourished over me because there was a bright–blue pool and extensive backyard waiting for me in Florida. My family was optimistic about the move and I was ecstatic about my new house. At the time, everything in my family’s life seemed to be going well. However, no one in my family was expecting for our innocent, beautiful home on the corner of a cul-de-sac to become a financial burden that would affect my dad till this day....
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...The 2008 financial crisis was a massive economic and financial downturn that later became a full on recession. This crisis lead to a near halt in trading and plummeted the GDP of almost all European countries. But how did the booming European economy suffer such terrible loss? While the crisis began in the United States a nationwide recession, especially one in a country thought to be economically sound, can quickly cause panic across the globe, leading to a distrust of banks. This can be absolutely detrimental as the system of banking relies wholeheartedly on trust as money is truly just a piece of paper with a trusted value. Panic can cause the public to rapidly pull their funds from banks and this panic and draining of funds can quickly...
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