...AGORAPHOBIA DEFINITION Agoraphobia (ag-uh-ruh-FO-be-uh) is an anxiety disorder in which individuals have feeling of afraid to panic and embarrass themselves in front of many people. As result, the trying to avoid themselves from public situation. Individuals who suffer from agoraphobia are afraid of being in situation in which escape would be difficult or embarrassing of panic-like symptoms occurred. Because of their fear of embarrassing themselves, people with agoraphobia may confine themselves to their homes and venture out as little as possible, and when they do go out, they may only do so with someone they believe will able to be help them or becoming their shield when they become anxious. Note that individuals with agoraphobia do not avoid people because of any fear of people; instead they avoid people because “something” might happen that they cannot control and then they will embarrass themselves. Diagnosed that have been carried out noted that amongst female and males, the female have higher percentage of agoraphobia which was 7% whereas the male only 3.5%. THEORIES The available theories suggest that agoraphobia have psychological and physiological components, but it is unclear whether physiological factors cause physiological changes, or vice versa. In considering biological contributors to the development of panic disorder, researchers have been struck by the fact that biological relatives of individuals with panic disorder are 8 times more likely to develop...
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...org/diseases.../agoraphobia/.../con-200299... Mayo Clinic Agoraphobia (ag-uh-ruh-FOE-be-uh) is a type of anxiety disorder in which you fear and often avoid places or situations that might cause you to panic and make ... Agoraphobia Symptoms - Treatments and drugs - Tests and diagnosis Agoraphobia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia Wikipedia Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in situations where the sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, ... Agraphobia - Panic and Agoraphobia Scale - Agoraphobia without history of ... Agoraphobia Symptoms | Psych Central psychcentral.com/disorders/agoraphobia-symptoms/ Agoraphobia The essential feature of Agoraphobia is anxiety about being in (or anticipating) situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help may ... What is agoraphobia? What causes agoraphobia? Medical ... www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/162169.php Medical News Today Rating: 3.8 - 225 votes Sep 26, 2014 - The word agoraphobia means "a fear of wide, open spaces." The word originates from the ancient Greek word "agora," referring to a place of ... Agoraphobia - Internet Mental Health www.mentalhealth.com/home/dx/agoraphobia.html Agoraphobia is a cluster of phobias embracing fears of using public transportation, being in open spaces (e.g., parking lots, marketplaces, bridges), being in ... Agoraphobia - NHS Choices www.nhs.uk/.../Agoraphobia/.../Introduction...
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...Agoraphobia as defined by the APA Dictionary of Psychology is literally the fear of the market place. Agoraphobia is manifested as anxiety about being in places or situations, fearing one may have panic symptoms or a panic attack, throwing up or having diarrhea in public. Those with agoraphobia live with the terror that they may become trapped, desperately avoiding situations where they feel that they would not be able to escape quickly or that may not be able to get help if they need it.κ Those with agoraphobia have a hard time feeling safe in public places, and most especially where crowds gather. Common areas that most people suffering from agoraphobia dread are elevators, sporting events, bridges, lines, driving, public transportation, malls and airplanes. In the more serious cases of agoraphobia, one’s fears become so intense that they are just trapped in their own homes because that is the only place they truly feel safe.λ Unlike most phobias and fears, Agoraphobia usually begins between late adolescence and the mid-30s. This phobia is often passed along in families. It can also occur if a person grows up with an overprotective parent or a parent that is a perfectionist. According to the Mayo Clinic, between 1 and 5 percent of people in the United States develop agoraphobia in their lifetime. Nearly 80% of those suffering from this phobia are women.μ Something familiar to all of us is anxiety at its minor symptom level. This often seems to weigh against...
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...A Critical Evaluation of Three Different Methods for Treating Panic Disorder A Critical Evaluation of Three Different Methods for Treating Panic Disorder Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (2003) described panic disorder (PD) as an anxiety disorder in people that are characterised by intense fear within discrete periods, with the symptoms of ‘flight or fight’ response. Symptoms commonly associated with PD are: palpitations, accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling and shaking, fear of losing control, abdominal distress and fear of dying. Studies across the developed world have shown that PD prevalence is between 1.4% and 2.9%, with more women being affected by PD (Australia & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2003). PD can lead to serious consequences which can result in recurrent panic attacks, alcohol and drug abuse or risk of attempting suicide, if not treated (Bouton, Mineka, & Barlow, 2001). The three treatment methods that will be assessed are: Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) augmented by panic surfing, a combination of CBT and pharmacotherapy using serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and short term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP). It will be argued that a combination of CBT and SSRI is the best treatment for PD. CBT is a method that involves a paradigm of a fight or flight response and the role of bodily hyper-vigilance. Panic surfing is used to reduce anxiety by ‘riding out the wave of anxiety’ instead of trying to control...
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...Anxiety Torrie Jauregui Com/172 August 20th, 2014 Brendan Praniewicz Anxiety Anxiety is a disorder where people live in fear. The people who suffer with this disorder worry all the time about if something will go wrong. This disorder destroys how people suffering with it live on a daily basis. People suffering with this disorder fear from being judged by others. They fear going out and being a part of society, they fear that they will have a massive panic attack out of know where. This disorder creates social anxiety, affects personal life, and creates panic attacks in the person suffering. Social anxiety is the extreme fear of being scrutinized and judged by others in social or performance situations “Anxiety and depression association of America, 2014.” People dealing with social anxiety have a hard time being in situations that make them have to deal with or be around other people. Here is an example about social anxiety effecting a man named Greg. One day Greg got talked into going to a party with his roommate. However, Greg’s roommate suddenly had to work that day and could no longer attend. Greg now was going alone and had not been able to come up with a good reason to no longer go. When he arrived his anxiety was starting to hit him; he was sweating vigorously. Once he entered the party, he no longer wanted to be there. His new objective for the night was to hide in plain sight and get out as soon as he could (Jantz, 2014). The fear of letting down his roommate...
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...Case Study Report What diagnosis has been given to this client? Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia Background Information Please outline the major symptoms of this disorder. According to the DSM, the major symptoms of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia are, recurrent panic attacks and enduring anxiety about experiencing another panic attack. The individual is also anxious about going places where escape might be difficult or embarrassing, or where they will be unable to receive assistance in case of emergency. The symptoms cannot be better explained by another medical or psychological effect. Briefly describe the client’s background (age, race, occupation etc). The client is named Annie, and she is a 24 year-old Caucasian woman. According to the case history she had an abusive relationship with her parents, and started experiencing mental health problems during puberty. Annie is currently unemployed, and is receiving disability payments from the federal government. Please describe any factors in the client’s background that might predispose him or her to this disorder. During the interview, Annie states that her childhood was normal. However, during the interview she occasionally alludes to some abusive experiences, but is reluctant to talk about them any further. The client also makes reference to the night terrors she experienced at the young age of four, eight and twelve. These “intense” nightmares terrified her growing up, and she attributes...
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...About ten years ago, when I was still a little boy, my aunt Tina was diagnosed with panic disorder. I heard that word very often during my family gatherings, when my family members were talking about my aunt's condition and everyone was worried about her. At that time, I was still too young to understand what was really wrong, or what all those big words meant. But, I often heard the word therapy and medication in reference to my aunt. Everybody looked very worried when her condition was discussed. Now that I am ten years older and taking a psychology course, I often think back and wonder what experience means in the professional world. In the frame of this current writing assignment I want to take the time out to find out what actually happened to my aunt and what she really experienced at this time. In order to fulfil this assignment, I will present findings from literature on panic disorder, and some of the experiences that my aunt shared with me in a recent conversation, in order to make make comparisons between literature and the actual experience that my aunt had. In Summery, it appears that panic disorder is characterized by an experience of unable terror that can impair peoples life on many levels and can also cause additional problems such as other anxiety problems and even depression. During the conversations with my aunt, I asked her how she experienced her condition. She said "It started out as one panic attack and then it increased.". When I asked her how...
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...Dr. Goldberg PC15 April 13, 2007 Panic Attacks in Young Adults (18-29) Right before I left for college I experienced the single most terrifying thing that has ever happened to me. This experience and the fear of it happening again stalked me day and night. It is something that has stayed with me and that I deal with and fear on a daily basis. It wasn’t until years later that I sought professional help and found out how common this very personal, ground-shattering experience actually was. I was diagnosed with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. I. Introduction Throughout history, anxiety and fear have been recognized as an inherent part of man’s existence. However, in antiquity, as well as late in the Middle Ages, anxiety phenomena were seldom described in a medical context, despite the fact that Hippocrates related obvious cases of phobic avoidance in a book dated around 400 BC (Hippocrates, translated in 1780). Hippocrates described the case of a man who ‘could not go near a precipice or over a bridge, or beside even the shallowest ditch; and yet he could walk in the ditch himself’. It was only in the 19th century that panic emerged as a fundamental problem, and since then, anxiety symptoms in the context of phobic avoidance have become firmly embedded in a medical context. (Den Boer, J.A., S3) II. Defining Panic There have been some revisions to what constitutes panic attacks and panic disorder in recent years. Panic attacks were first defined in...
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...Obsessive compulsive behavior Nomophobia can be described traditionally as an anxiety or discomfort that manifests itself in a human being due to unavailability of a cellular phone, personal computer and in most recent times literally any virtual communication device including tablets. This is typically a social phobia that is brought about by the prevalent use of emerging technologies that cause changes in a person’s normal habits and behaviors (King, Valenca, & Nardi, 2012). Obsessive compulsive disorder, commonly referred to as OCD, is typically an anxiety disorder whose main characteristics are having rigid and monotonous rituals and behaviors that may be fuelled by overwhelming compulsions or obsessions (Dryden-Edwards, 2012). The obsessive behavior of constantly checking one’s mobile phone is not normal. Many suffer from this and may argue that it is just an impulsive behavior, but it has recently been classified as a phobia. Nomophobia is the short form of no mobile phone phobia (King, Valenca, & Nardi, 2012). Nomophobia people suffering from nomophobia constantly check their phones, looking for text message notifications and emails. There are conscious of the phantom buzzing feeling thinking it is from their phones and sometimes hear imaginary alert tones from their phones. This obsession with constant communication and the fear of being out of touch is what is called nomophobia. A 2012 British study found that fifty eight percent of men and forty eight percent...
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...most important part of a life time since that is the time we may learn every foundations we need to live a life. Also, if we look at our current behaviors, life style and personality, we will find that a lot of those came from our childhood. If we experience negative event or trauma during our childhood, it could have negative effect such as onset of panic disorder and anxiety disorder. Like various research show relatives or close people than strangers does large portion of child sexual abuse. So, it will increase their anxious level in their daily life facing them and it can affect on onset of anxiety disorder and panic disorder later their life. Distrusting others is most common behavior after the abuse and it could end up with having agoraphobia. Since they felt they lost control of the situation and their body when they are abused, it is pretty different for them touching by others and being around by others. The problem I see in this research is the research method and the number of people observed. Researchers could bias the result of the research and I think it is better to use double blind research method to prevent those. Also, it was such a small community is observed in this research, so they should expand the research to increase validity and reliability. The book notes that people who experience high stress levels are likely to develop negative emotional reactions (pg 150). Because of this, stressful events influence the onset of anxiety disorders and depression...
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...Psycho-social paper My closest and dearest friend was a victim of a horrible incident and now is suffering from this terrible mishap. Once let me explain what she has gone through. My friend has dating a man for 3 years and during these 3 years she was physically abuse by him. She did finally did leave him and once she left him that when the worst got worst. After 3 months for being broken up she has met another gentleman and after dating him for a only a month, one late night at her apartment her ex-boyfriend came over to cause problems with her and found her with this other man. He broke into her apartment and argued with her not knowing this man was in the other room once entering the bed room he found the new gentleman coming out of the restroom and without any hesitation he pull out a gun and shot the gentlemen in the head and killed him. Then he began to point the gun at my friend and she closed her eye for a few seconds when opening them the ex was gone. So with that said, she has been through a major roll coaster of emotions. She has been clinically diagnosed with PTSD and depression. With being a victim of this horrible incident, she has gotten a lot of help, with the help of the City of San Antonio victim crime unit. She goes to free counseling and also is free medication for her illness. Currently she is on xanx, which treats her anxiety disorder and helps with her panic attack. And she is also on Zoloft which treats her depression disorder. I learned...
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...In the aforementioned theories there are distinct similarities as to how Agoraphobia is caused, several theories believe that it is caused by a traumatic life event or situation that has caused distress to the Agoraphobic, for example abuse, a car accident or loss or death of a loved one and this appears to be the main reason that people develop the anxiety that causes Agoraphobia. The behavioural theory fear conditioning also discusses learning this behaviour by reinforcement by people close to the sufferer. Though all the theories believe that the phobia is caused in much the same way it is important to understand that the Genetics paradigm talks about the predisposition of Agoraphobia being hereditary and that it can be linked to a fault...
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...Diego Pradillo CHDV 35 Section 8 Short Report Paper 2 The article “Why Teenagers Act Crazy” has many interesting and important facts about how teenage kids develop. It starts off explaining how research has proven that teenagers all face rough challenges in their teenage life; for example, trying to fit in, get accepted, and having family issues. This is something similar to how you stated that peer influence and evaluation can be negative. (Natal, 2015) Now the article explain that people don’t research enough about anxiety and fear and that these are two large factors on why teenagers show emotional drama and show crazy behavior. This happens because teenagers have a brain that is programmed to exaggerate fear and anxiety, and not enforce calm reasoning. The article stated that for many teenagers the anxiety came out of no where. That one day the person might have never felt anxiety in their entire life and that by the next day they could have had major anxiety from school, family issue, or peer conflicts. They also mentioned that most adolescents do not develop anxiety disorders because of a couple little anxiety attacks, but acquire the skill to handle these stressful moments a lot better every other time. But it did state that twenty percent of adolescents in the United States experience a anxiety disorder, like generalized anxiety or panic attacks. That can most of the time result from a mix of genetic factors and environmental influences. The article also stated...
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...Causes of Anxiety I want you to close your eyes and listen while I tell you a story about just how a panic (anxiety) attack feels. “Imagine that you’re taking a stroll in the countryside. Everything is going well. The trees are in bloom; the sky is blue; the cool breeze is refreshing. You’re humming your favorite tune when suddenly you hear a blood curdling scream — EEEEOOOOWWWW!!!! Though you desperately wish to flee, you find yourself helplessly frozen. Your heart is racing. Your chest is pounding. You can’t catch your breath. You feel lightheaded. You feel faint. You think you might die right there on the spot. Now imagine feeling this very same terror when there’s no creature in your path. What would your experience be? Would you feel mystified? Bewildered? Embarrassed? Wonder if you’re going crazy?” (“What A Panic Attack Feels like: By Linda Sapadin, PH.D”) That is what you would experience with having a panic attack and over 40 million Americans suffer from this disorder every day. For a entire year I never told my significant other about my anxiety attacks because I thought he would belittle it or just straight wouldn’t understand. I did not feel embarrassed I just didn’t know how to explain my situation. Furthermore one day he came to me panicking because he was having an anxiety attack and I calmed him down and told him I have experienced those attacks before and was fully aware of what he was going thru. One thing I can agree with is telling someone to calm down...
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...Shyness vs Social Anxiety:Is There A Difference Social Anxiety is a complex disorder characterized by an intense fear of being humiliated or criticized in social situations, specifically of embarrassing oneself in front of others. Shy people can be very uneasy around others but they do not experience extreme anxiety in anticipating social situations, nor do they necessarily avoid them. Most shy people do not meet the requirements of a Social Phobia diagnosis. Social Phobia disrupts normal life, affecting careers and relationships, whereas shyness does not. The question about what constitutes “shyness” as opposed to “social anxiety disorder” originated because of the problems of over or under-diagnosing the amount of social anxiety felt. If we treat everyone who is simply “shy” as having a disorder, it leads to stereotyping and waste of resources. If we under-diagnose social anxiety disorder, then people with the symptoms will not receive needed treatment. In the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) social phobia (also listed as social anxiety disorder) is defined as a "marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny by others" (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994, p. 416). Social fears can be limited and isolated to specific situations like public speaking, but can also extend to small gatherings and casual conversations...
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