...“EFFORTS TO REDUCE OZONE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA” The Los Angeles Basin is a plain that lies between the Pacific Ocean and mountains to the north and east. During the summer, the sunny climate produces a layer of warm, dry air at upper elevations. Southern California counties are where almost 15 million people reside. South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) is a governmental organization established in 1977 to deal with the historically poor air quality in the area surrounding Los Angeles. Air pollution injures organisms, reduces visibility, and attacks and corrodes materials such as metals, plastics, rubber, and fabrics. The respiratory tracts of animals, including humans, are particularly harmed by air pollutants, which worsen existing medical conditions such as chronic lung disease, pneumonia, and cardiovascular problems. Discussed in our paper will be several key points that will highlight very important details in regards to the efforts to reduce ozone in Southern California. Topics to be discussed are; described the historical development of the issue, the stakeholder’s involvement in the issue, and the long term effects of the problem, the responsibilities that arise from the ethical position and try to find a solution to this major problem. Air pollution in California began just after World War II. Southern California has been known to have the worst air pollution in our nation. The worst ozone pollution in Southern California was in 2006’ in the Perris...
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...A Case Study on the California High Speed Rail System (CAHSR) - Is It Feasible? By Hardeep Ramesh, MS ISE Engineering Economics (ISE 460) University of Southern California December 3, 2010 Abstract: California High Speed Rail (CHSR) system is a mega project planned by the California High Speed Rail Authority (CA HSRA), connecting the major metropolitan areas of California. The project finalized in mid 2000, is estimated to be one of the most expensive of its kind. It is in the lines of the high speed rail systems existing in France, Japan and China. The cost of the total project, which will cover around 800 miles, is estimated to be around $45 billion as of 2008. At this time of economic instability and no proper funding expected the big question is that - is the project economically feasible? This case study evaluates the financial benefits of the project. It will show the various sources from which the project will be benefited. Since it is a public investment if the total benefits are more than the total costs it is said to be economically feasible. This case study uses the benefit-cost analysis as an evaluation to establish this. It uses only the benefits and costs which are quantifiable and those which are not duplicative. Introduction: California’s burgeoning population and increasingly congested highways and airports demanded new transportation solutions. Highway construction The California High Speed Railway...
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...levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. Air quality in developed countries has been generally improved over the last three decades. However, many recent epidemiological studies have consistently shown positive associations between low-level exposure to air pollution and health outcomes. Thus, adverse health effects of air pollution, even at relatively low levels, remain a public concern. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges in this field and to identify future research directions for air pollution epidemiological studies. Introduction It is well known that exposure to high levels of air pollution can adversely affect human health. A number of air pollution catastrophes occurred in industrial countries between 1950s and 1970s, such as the London smog of 1952 [1]. Air quality in western countries has significantly improved since the 1970s. However, adverse health effects of exposure to relatively low level of air pollution remain a public concern, motivated largely by a number of recent epidemiological studies that have shown the positive associations between air pollution and health outcomes using sophisticated time-series and other designs [2]. This review highlights the key findings from major epidemiological study designs (including time-series, case-crossover, panel, cohort, and birth outcome studies) in estimating the associations of exposure to ambient air pollution with...
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...Global Logistics and Local Dilemmas Peter V. Hall Urban Studies Program, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada ABSTRACT Global logistics which connects widely dispersed producers and consumers are increasingly organized through gateways and corridors located in urban regions. At the same time, global logistics systems are increasingly infrastructurally, economically and institutionally disconnected from the city-regions that host them. This disconnection raises a series of dilemmas for the host localities. This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding the dilemmas that confront cities and regions that host national and continental logistics gateways. The framework, which is illustrated with examples from several seaport gateways, focuses on the land use, economic and community development impacts of gateways and corridors on the host city-region. It also pays attention to the differing scales at which these impacts occur; these range from the highly localized to the metropolitan scale. It is proposed that solutions to the local dilemmas of global logistics be evaluated in terms of sustainability criteria, namely efficiency, equity and environment. 1. INTRODUCTION While the economic benefits of global trade are enormous, the potential for differences in local and national perspectives when developing gateways and corridors are no less significant. Global logistics which connects widely dispersed producers and consumers are increasingly organized through gateways...
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...Los Angeles is often called the “City of Angels,” but it does not live up to its name. There are many reasons why we would not refer to L.A. as the “City of Angels,” but the most significant reason is homelessness. As of May 2017, the percentage of homeless people in the Los Angeles County rose to 23 percent which means that 920,000 of the 4,000,000 people are out on the streets- daily looking for shelter and a place to sleep (US News, 2017). The rise of homelessness is a problem and continues to be one in the Los Angeles Area, affecting our community in both social and environmental sustainability, unless we do something about it. This problem can be resolved by making the public, including the homeless community aware of the issues that have...
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...oil-rich region was discovered by oil companies. Despite all these cases being in different areas of the United States and the world, they all have one attribute in common. All these communities are of low socio-economic status that who’s residents are predominantly people of color. The link between extreme pollution, toxic waste, lack of proper utilities such as clean water, and exclusion in the decision-making in regard to the use of natural resources and race make up environmental racism. When researching a subject such as this, the primary points to analyze are the origins of the environmental racism, both domestic and international examples, and the intent behind the corporations that poison these specific communities. These points are of particular relevance because they provide context. Next, it shows that environmental racism is a global phenomenon. Lastly, and most importantly, exploring intent will give context to whether the use of the word racism is valid....
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...Science I think of how science plays a role in the environment but the proper definition is Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary field that combines information from many disciplines, such as biology, geography, chemistry, geology, physics, economics, sociology (particularly demography, the study of populations), cultural anthropology, natural resource management, agriculture, engineering, law, politics, and ethics Berg and Hager (2009). Environmental Science is all about understanding the environment, how it works and how to protect it in the future. Science and technology has affected the environment for the good and bad. One thing that has been good for the environment is hybrid cars because it cuts out the toxins that other vehicles give off which is a whole lot better for the environment. Environmental sustainability is very important because we need to know the changes the environment goes and make changes where need be. I feel like this should be studied because the world is changing everyday and it is an important to know what’s going on. Air pollution is getting worse and by having somebody studying this they can find a solution and help improve air pollution. Mankind impact on Earth has really affected the way the world is today, this wasn’t internal but sometimes with technology there is a positive and a negative. According to this AAAS report, approximately half of it is land surface that we have transformed concomitant widespread impacts on the planet's...
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...------------------------------------------------- Air pollution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Bad air quality" redirects here. For the obsolete medical theory, see Bad air. "Air quality" redirects here. For the measure of how polluted the air is, see Air quality index. Not to be confused with Qualities of air. Air pollution from a World War II wartime production plant Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment or built environment. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Indoor air pollution (see Airlog) and urban air quality are listed as two of the World’s Worst Toxic Pollution Problems in the 2008 Blacksmith InstituteWorld's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Pollutants Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid...
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...appealing in theory and may look like a perfect place to live from above, the Central Valley is also home to some of the worst air quality in the nation. LOCAL CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION The Central Valley contains many factors that play a role in its high levels of pollution. While this region is home to producing most of the fruits and vegetables...
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...Introduction After smog issues in London and Los Angeles have been brought into control due to sixty-year efforts, Beijing, and other heavily polluted northern metropolises in China are engulfed in high-density and toxic smog. The air pollution is admittedly recognized as developing at a pace that is too fast to take environmental sustainability into consideration. When suffering from the terrible air quality in Beijing and its vicinity, residents are increasingly conscious of the smog’s hazardous impact on health due to the propagation of news coverages. Thus, the whole nation has been of great concern and called urgently for efficient actions to fight against smog. The Chinese government has released several policies to manage the smog, ranging from limitation on private vehicles to closing heavily polluting factories or removing them away from the urban areas. However, the goal of cutting pollutants emission has not been achieved, since the sky in Beijing is still covered by dark smog occasionally. This essay will firstly discuss Northern China’s smog problem and how the politicians reacted to it. Following this, it will concentrate on Beijing’s air quality, since Beijing is universally considered as the cultural, educational and economic center of China. In order to understand comprehensively, the analysis will contain Beijing’s temporal situation and characteristics of air quality in Beijing, also examine the effect of Chinese implementation against smog crisis. Finally...
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...Pollution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Pollution (disambiguation). The litter problem on the coast of Guyana, 2010 Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Ancient cultures Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires."[2] Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production,[3] but at that time the pollution was comparatively small and could be handled by nature. Urban pollution Air pollution in the US, 1973 The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the cesspools of pollution. The Industrial Revolution brought an infusion of untreated chemicals and wastes...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT 1. ORGANIZATION 2. PROBLEMS 3. AIR POLUTION 4. LEGAL AND REQUIREMENT 5. SOLUTION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES AT WORKPROSES INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION CEMENT INDUSTRIES OF MALAYSIA BERHAD Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad ("CIMA ") group of companies ("CIMA Group" or the Group) has been involved in the manufacturing and distribution of cement and related activities since 1975. CIMA is 100% owned by UEM Group Berhad which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Khazanah Nasional Berhad, an investment arm of the government of Malaysia. The Group effectively combines people skills and technological capabilities to become the third largest cement manufacturer in Malaysia. The Group also ventures into international market namely Singapore. The Group's total asset as at 31 December 2012 stands at approximately RM2.0 billion while the paid up capital stands are RM 142 million. The Group is divided into three main divisions comprising Cement Division, Ready-Mixed Division and Aggregates & Premix Division. In Cement Division, Cimaco Quarry Sdn Bhd provides the required limestone for Negeri Sembilan Cement Industries Sdn Bhd (NSCI). NSCI leads The Cement Division with cement plants in Bukit Ketri, Perlis and Bahau Negeri Sembilan. The two plants combined, make up a total clinker production of 2.95 million tonnes per annum and a total production cement capacity of 5.6 million tonnes per annum, comprising Ordinary Portland Cement...
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...04/05/13 Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis is disease caused bacterial infection. The infection is lower in the United States even though, recent survey shows that, in foreign countries, the infection has been steadily increasing. American citizens born in foreign countries are infected with Tuberculosis more than 9 times of the American citizens born in the United States. The Latino/Hispanic born Americans are more exposed to the disease and the cases oh the Hispanics reported was more than 10 percent of the US population. This was reported in the year 1996. About Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis disease is transmitted from individual to individual through the help of Air pollution. An individual suffering from lung tuberculosis sneezes, coughs releases in the air, a droplet nuclei containing Mycobacterium . The small particles of the bacterium remains in the air for hours depending on the environment and when another person is exposed to the air containing the infection, the probably of getting infected is very high. The Tuberculosis infection depends on 3 different factors namely: The environment in which it occurs, the exposure duration and the individual ability to hold off the infection. Tuberculosis affects the lungs but can also affects other parts of the body like, spine brain and kidney. Some of the symptoms of the disease are fever, flu-like symptoms, chest pain tiredness, cough and it...
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...Green Car Rental Feasibility Study: Hydrogen Vehicles Student Name COMM/215 Month DD, YYYY Faculty Name Green Car Rental Feasibility Study: Hydrogen Vehicles Introduction Obtaining a fleet of alternate fuel vehicles 5 years ago, proved to be a very good decision for the company. There is a growing trend across America to use alternative fuel sources. Americans are more eco-friendly, and looking for transportation options that can save them money as well as become more environmentally conscious. Based on this demand, many car manufacturers are now developing and producing more energy efficient vehicles. Firmly established as a leader in our industry, Green Car Rental entered the alternate fuel vehicle market, in response to the desires expressed by its customers. Based on our award winning success with alternative fuel vehicles, and the growing consumer demand for even more efficient, reduced emission vehicles, Green Car Rental Company intends to demonstrate the feasibility, and lead the rental car industry again by adding hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to our fleet. Product Information Hydrogen is a simple and plentiful, odorless, and colorless gas (H2) derived from gas fields. It is an abundant resource for fuel once processed. Manufacturers from BMW to Toyota have been developing numerous strategies to utilize hydrogen to power vehicles. Aside from CNG (compressed natural gas), LNG, and a host of other alternative fuel resources, hydrogen although expensive to...
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...Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook WORLD BANK GROUP Effective July 1998 Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the ambient air consist primarily of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These two forms of gaseous nitrogen oxides are significant pollutants of the lower atmosphere. Another form, nitrous oxide (N2O), is a greenhouse gas. At the point of discharge from man-made sources, nitric oxide, a colorless, tasteless gas, is the predominant form of nitrogen oxide. Nitric oxide is readily converted to the much more harmful nitrogen dioxide by chemical reaction with ozone present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen dioxide is a yellowish-orange to reddish-brown gas with a pungent, irritating odor, and it is a strong oxidant. A portion of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is converted to nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium salts. Nitrate aerosol (acid aerosol) is removed from the atmosphere through wet or dry deposition processes similar to those that remove sulfate aerosol. 1994). The United States generates about 20 million metric tons of nitrogen oxides per year, about 40% of which is emitted from mobile sources. Of the 11 million to 12 million metric tons of nitrogen oxides that originate from stationary sources, about 30% is the result of fuel combustion in large industrial furnaces and 70% is from electric utility furnaces (Cooper and Alley 1986). Occurrence in Air and Routes of Exposure Annual mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in urban areas throughout...
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