...Job Satisfaction I tend to agree with a lot of the statements in this article. I especially like the part where the one nurse wrote, “Please take the busyness of patients into account when scheduling.” This finding corresponds with Oermann and Moffitt-Wolf’s (1997) observation that new graduates experienced stress during orientation due to lack of experience, lack of organizational skills, and new situations. (Halfer & Graf, 2006) The inability to handle the intense working environment, advanced technology, and high patient acuity results in new graduate nurse turnover rates of 35% to 60%. All of this occurs within the first year of employment. Turnover has an inverse relationship to job satisfaction. As job satisfaction increases turnover decreases. Many factors influence the satisfaction of new graduates. (Halfer & Graf, 2006) New graduate nurses are leaving their current positions at an alarmingly higher rate than experienced nurses (Patterson, 2009) I do believe things can be done to change these issues. I feel it is important, though it is not always practical to involve the new staff in the scheduling process and, as the article states, include as a “Team scheduling” process, rather than a “self scheduling”. This may make more people feel involved, and although it may not solve all of the issues, such as weekends or holidays, it may be a small change that will improve job satisfaction. I wish they had something like this on the unit I work on. We...
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...US006785889B1 (12) United States Patent Williams (10) Patent N0.: US 6 9 785 9 889 B1 (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 31, 2004 (54) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SCHEDULING BANDWIDTH RESOURCES USINGA KALMAN ESTIMATOR WITH ACTIVE FEEDBACK 6,003,062 A * 12/1999 Greenberg et a1. ........ .. 709/104 6,105,053 A * 6,189,022 B1 * 6,263,358 B1 * 8/2000 Kimmel et a1. ..... .. 2/2001 Binns ............. .. 7/2001 Lee et a1. .... .. 709/105 709/100 .. 709/100 Inventor: Peter Williams, * Cited examiner (73) Assignee: Aurema, Inc., Cupertino, CA (US) _ _ _ _ Primary Examiner—Jack B. Harvey ( * ) Notice: SubJect to any disclaimer,~ the term of this Patent 15 extended or adlusted under 35 U'S'C' 154(k)) by 816 days‘ Assistant Examiner_Hai V_ Nguyen (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Michael Hetherington; Nick Ulman; Woodside IP Group (21) Appl. N0.: 09/596,026 (22) Filed: (51) Int C17 (52) U ' ' (57) G06F 9/00 709040 ’ ’ 718/106’ ABSTRACT Jun. 15, 2000 A community of collaborative software agents Works together in a domain to provide functionality such as pro vision of communications services or control of a chemical process. A scheduler is built into each collaborative agent Ci """""""""""" ' """"""""""" " (58) (56) Field of Search """"""""" ’ 709/104 229 718/104; 106’ ’ Which schedules tasks allocated to that particular agent and tasks sub-allocated by the agent. The scheduler has a mecha nism for over-booking...
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...Evaluation of the Orientation Program Question 1 Strengths · Once Simpson had accepted the job she was given a map of BANTEX Electronics and instructed to report to the company meeting room Monday at 8:30 am. Simpson was left well informed of where to go and when to be there, she was also given a map to help guide her to the designated room. · The orientation procedure was well organised · The orientation program contained a lot of information about the company and it processes; a company handbook was produced for later referral. · After orientation Simpson felt enthusiastic about her new employer. · During the orientation there is a chance for clarification. Weaknesses · Simpson felt she had been given a tremendous amount of information to digest in a very short time · Simpson wasn't sure which parts of the information she had been given, that needed to be known right away. · Simpson felt anxious after the orientation about her impending job responsibilities. · Simpson wasn't told who too contact if she had further questions or queries. You need to ensure that you clearly identify what are strengths and what are weaknesses – the easiest way is to have sub- headings The most important part of this question (other than of course identifying what the strengths and the weaknesses are – is to explain WHY!!! At the Diploma level, you are expected to demonstrate your analytical skills – so there is no point just saying what the issue is – you need to explain why...
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...A Road Map Through Nachos Thomas Narten Department of Computer Sciences Levine Science Research Center Duke University Box 90129 Durham, N.C. 27708-0129 narten@cs.duke.edu January 4, 1995 Abstract Nachos is instructional software that allows students to examine, modify and execute operating system software. Nachos provides a skeletal operating system that supports threads, user-level processes, virtual memory and interrupt-driven input output devices. Nachos is a complex piece of software and it is di cult for beginning students (and instructors) to easily gain on overall understanding of the various system pieces and how they t together. This document provides a road map to understanding the Nachos system. It gives a high-level overview of the source code, focusing on the big picture rather than on the details. It is not intended as a replacement for reading the source code. Rather, it is a companion that is intended to help students (and instructors) overcome the initial learning curve encountered when learning and using the system. Contents 1 Introduction to Nachos 2 Nachos Machine 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Machine Components : : : : : : Interrupt Management : : : : : Real-Time Clock Interrupts : : Address Translation : : : : : : : 2.4.1 Linear Page Tables : : : 2.4.2 Software Managed TLB 2.5 Console Device : : : : : : : : : 2.6 Disk Device : : : : : : : : : : : 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :...
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...allocate and schedule and the foundation of operation system architecture. (2)Process is a data structure to represent the inherent laws of dynamic system clearly and manage and schedule the run of program efficiently in the main memory of computer system. 2. (1)Thread is the minimum unit to operate and schedule in the operation system and it is the actual execution unit in the process. (2)Thread manage the file and control the communication in servers and deal with foreground and background program asynchronously. 3. The difference between process and thread are as follows: (1) The address space and other resources of different processes are independent, however, different threads share the resources in a process. (2) Process communicate with other processes under IPC, however, threads can read and write the data segment in process to communicate with each other. (3) The switch of context in thread is much faster than that in process. (4) Process is not a executable entity in a multithreaded operation system, but thread is. 4. Benefits: (1) It is easier to schedule and manage with process and thread. (2) It can be easy and efficient to achieve concurrency through threads. Process can create multiple threads to execute different parts of the same program. (3)It can develop the function of multi-processors fully and enable the concurrency of programs through the creation of multithreaded...
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...Homework #2 43. Measurements of a certain system have shown that the average process runs for a time T before blocking on I/O. A process switch requires a time S, which is effectively wasted (overhead). For round-robin scheduling with quantum Q, give a formula for the CPU efficiency for each of the following: a. Q=∞ Answer: No involuntary context switches will occur. Each process will pay 1 context switch per CPU burst. Efficiency=TT+S b. Q>T Answer: As long as the quantum Q is larger than T, then no involuntary context switches will occur. Efficiency=TT+S c. S<Q<T Answer: Efficiency=QQ+S d. Q=S Answer: Efficiency=QQ+S=Q=50% e. Q nearly 0 Answer: Efficiency=0% 44. Five jobs are waiting to be run. Their expected run times are 9, 6, 3, 5, and X. In what order should they be run to minimize average response time? (Your answer will depend on X.) Answer: For X, 3, 5, 6, 9 order: 0<X≤3 For 3, X, 5, 6, 9 order: 3<X≤5 For 3, 5, X, 6, 9 order: 5<X≤6 For 3, 5, 6, X, 9 order: 6<X≤9 For 3, 5, 6, 9, X order: 9<X 45. Five batch jobs. A through E, arrive at a computer center at almost the same time. They have estimated running times of 10, 6, 2, 4, and 8 minutes. Their (externally determined) priorities are 3, 5, 2, 1, and 4, respectively, with 5 being the highest priority. For each of the following scheduling algorithms, determine the mean process turnaround time. Ignore process switching overhead...
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...concurrent processing adds to an OS. (10 points) Answer) 1. Processes and system resources should protected from each other. 2. More than one process executing concurrently for protect performance degradation 3. It occurs deadlocks. So you can m Chapter 4: 4. Provide a programming example where multithreading does not provide better performance than a single-threaded solution. (5 points) Answer) Sequential program is not good at threaded. So example is Shell program. 5. Can a multithreaded solution using multiple user-level threads achieve better performance on a multiprocessor system than on a single-processor system? How does this change if kernel-level threads are used? Explain. (10 points) Answer) multiple user-level threads cannot make different processors in multiprocessor system at the same time. So, it shows lower performance. But If change kernel-level threads, it can make different processors at the same time. It is good at multiprocessor system Chapter 5 complications 6. Discuss how the following pairs of scheduling criteria conflict in certain settings. (15 points) a....
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...2.5 SCHEDULING When a computer is multiprogrammed, it frequently has multiple processes competing for the CPU at the same time. This situation occurs whenever two or more processes are simultaneously in the ready state. If only one CPU is available, a choice has to be made which process to run next. The part of the operating system that makes the choice is called the scheduler and the algorithm it uses is called the scheduling algorithm. These topics form the subject matter of the following sections. Many of the same issues that apply to process scheduling also apply to thread scheduling, although some are different. Initially we will focus on process scheduling. Later on we will explicitly look at thread scheduling. 2.5.1 Introduction to Scheduling Back in the old days of batch systems with input in the form of card images on a magnetic tape, the scheduling algorithm was simple: just run the next job on the tape. With timesharing systems, the scheduling algorithm became more complex because there were generally multiple users waiting for service. Some mainframes still combine batch and timesharing service, requiring the scheduler to decide whether a batch job or an interactive user at a terminal should go next. (As an aside, a batch job may be a request to run multiple programs in succession, but for this section, we will just assume it is a request to run a single program.) Because CPU time is a scarce resource on these machines, a good scheduler can make a big difference in...
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...1. |Round robin scheduling is essentially the preemptive version of __________fsecond | | | | |1) |FIFO | |2) |Shortest job first | |3) |Shortest remaining | |4) |Longest time first | | |Correct Answer: FIFO [hide] | | | |Marks: 1 | | | | | | | | | | |2. |A page fault occurs | | | |1) |when the page is not in the memory | |2) |when the page is in the memory | |3) |when...
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...APPLICANT INTERVIEW RATING SHEET Position: General Office Support Staff Applicant name:_________________________ Questions (Allow 20-30 minutes) Comments 1-low, 6-high Secretarial Skills 1. Using past work experience, discuss how you might handle a situation where you are asked to do several tasks at the same time to meet staff needs. 1--2--3--4--5--6 2. What kind of supervision have you had in the past and how have you responded to it? 1--2--3--4--5--6 3. Your reception duties will call for you to hand numerous questions from students and staff. How would you handle questions that go beyond your knowledge? 1--2--3--4--5--6 Interpersonal Skills 4. Drawing from past work experience, describe several situations where you had to interact with "difficult people" and how you handled the situations. 1--2--3--4--5--6 5. Comment on the following: "Students are the most important people in our business." 1--2--3--4--5--6 6. This office is many times "all things to all people." How do you see your skills and personality fitting into that expectation? 1--2--3--4--5--6 Professional Ethics/Behavior 7. Tell us how you have handled past work situations that required "confidentiality." How might that procedure impact this office? 1--2--3--4--5--6 8. Discuss your understanding of the word "teamwork" and how you have been involved with that process on the job or in other settings. How might teamwork (or lack of it) affect an office...
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...multithreading works in a server Multithreading occurs when a process executing an application, is divided into threads that can run concurrently. Multithreading is useful for applications that perform a number of essentially independent tasks that do not need to be serialized. When a multithreaded application is active in a server, the events that occur take place in three phases: i. Start-up phase- requests come in and are handed to a thread for processing. ii. Work phase- in this phase multiple client requests are handled concurrently in multiple contexts. The system allocates a separate thread for each request. In response to clients’ requests for a service, the server dispatcher creates multiple threads in one server that can be assigned to various client requests simultaneously. Each thread is associated with a separate context or request to the server. This feature is useful in both conversational and RPC servers which otherwise may stay idle waiting for the client side of a conversation. iii. Completion phase- When the application is shut down or stopped, the server performs any termination processing that is necessary such as closing a resource manager. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of implementing multithreading As user space threads * Switching threads is faster when thread management is done in user space. * Fast thread switching. * Fast thread scheduling. * A multithreaded program operates faster on computer systems that have multiple CPU’s...
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...CPU SCHEDULINGCPU scheduling in UNIX is designed to benefit interactive processes. Processes are given small CPU time slices by a priority algorithm that reduces to round-robin scheduling for CPU-bound jobs.The scheduler on UNIX system belongs to the general class of operating system schedulers known as round robin with multilevel feedback which means that the kernel allocates the CPU time to a process for small time slice, preempts a process that exceeds its time slice and feed it back into one of several priority queues. A process may need much iteration through the "feedback loop" before it finishes. When kernel does a context switch and restores the context of a process. The process resumes execution from the point where it had been suspended.Each process table entry contains a priority field. There is a process table for each process which contains a priority field for process scheduling. The priority of a process is lower if they have recently used the CPU and vice versa.The more CPU time a process accumulates, the lower (more positive) its priority becomes, and vice versa, so there is negative feedback in CPU scheduling and it is difficult for a single process to take all the CPU time. Process aging is employed to prevent starvation.Older UNIX systems used a 1-second quantum for the round- robin scheduling. 4.33SD reschedules processes every 0.1 second and recomputed priorities every second. The round-robin scheduling is accomplished by the -time-out mechanism, which tells...
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...Question#1 There is only two other possibilities 1. Process is blocked while it was in ready state. 2. Process running from blocked state. Only transition 2 is possible because when it is possible that process is waiting for input that is yet not available and it is also possible that operating system has decided to allocate CPU time to any other process. The transition 1 is not possible because when a process Is in ready state it cannot block itself while it is not waiting for input and only in ready state. Question#2 In this problem we have five process i.e. Customer, order takers, cook, packaging specialists, cashiers. We have sequential inter process communication between processes which uses pipes for communication between processes. Our chain of communication should be like this Customer Order Takers Cook packaging specialists Cashiers Question#3 In this problem T=Running time for any process S=switch time for a process Q=time Quantum (a) Q = infinite Process has infinite time quantum Q so it will run until it blocks itself CPU efficiency=Q/Q+S In reality it will be CPU efficiency=T/T+S Since it has infinite time quantum and switch time will be very little as compared to quantum Then efficiency will be CPU efficiency=T/T=1 (b) Q > T In this case CPU has also time quantum greater than process completion time then its efficiency will be CPU efficiency=Q/Q+S This will be CPU efficiency=T/T+S (c) S < Q < T Since Q<T ...
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...CPU and I/O Burst Cycle * The execution of a process consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait. * A process begins with a CPU burst, followed by an I/O burst, followed by another CPU burst and so on. The last CPU burst will end will a system request to terminate the execution. * The CPU burst durations vary from process to process and computer to computer. * An I/O bound program has many very short CPU bursts. * A CPU bound program might have a few very long CPU bursts. Histogram of CPU-burst Times Types of Scheduling * The key to the multiprogramming is scheduling. There are four types of scheduling that an OS has to perform. These are: * Long Term scheduling * The long term scheduling determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. Thus, it controls the level of multiprogramming. * Once admitted, a job or a user program becomes a process and is added to the queue for the short term scheduling (in some cases added to a queue for medium term scheduling). * Long term scheduling is performed when a new process is created. * The criteria used for long-term scheduling may include first-come-first serve, priority, expected execution time, and I/O requirements. * Medium-Term Scheduling * The medium-term scheduling is a part of swapping function. This is a decision to add a process to those that are at least partially in main memory and therefore available...
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...Executive Summary Brenton-Cooper Medical Centre (BCMC) has outsourced its MRI operations to Quinte MRI, a seasoned and highly recognized MRI service provider. Unfortunately, after six weeks of operations Quinte MRI’s leased MRI machine is not meeting its expected outputs as projected and is causing concern to both Quinte MRI and BCMC which has begun to lose revenue via referrals away from its clinic. Further, BCMC’s reputation is now at risk which could result in additional loses to the centre. The root cause of the problem appears to lie with the scheduling of the scanning operations. Dr. Syed Haider, the owner of Quinte MRI, has tasked his business development coordinators with finding a solution to this problem and to report back within 2-days. Acting as David Wright and Kevin Saskiw, the business development coordinators, my solution to these issues are to regain control of the scheduling process as this is an integral part of the operations. Streamline the scheduling process to reduce variability and improve reliability. Introduce the use of technology to remove manual processes, improve process efficiencies, minimise errors and improve communication across the business lines of operation. I would also hire a new employee to support the scanning operations as there is no backup or adequately trained support for the only Technologist running the operations. Issues Identification Brenton-Cooper Medical Centre (BCMC) has outsourced its MRI operations to Quinte MRI...
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