...Aerodynamics and Aircraft Performance Characteristics of High-speed Flight Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University From the beginning of the age of manned flight, aviators and engineers have continuously sought to increase the performance envelope. Many parameters for defining aircraft performance exist, but here I’d like to focus on going fast. Since I was a child I’ve been fascinated with military aircraft and the pursuit of speed. From the Bell X-1 to the famed SR-71 Blackbird and beyond, high-speed flight has been a chase toward an ever increasing limit. Several factors contribute to the aerodynamics of supersonic flight and many limitations apply as the envelope is pushed. I will focus the perspective of this paper on design characteristics, engine technology, and atmospheric considerations and take a peek into the future of hypersonic flight. In order to discuss the design characteristics of high-speed aircraft, a definition for the speed regimes must be given. Supersonic flight is typically defined as greater than Mach 1 but less than Mach 3. “High” Supersonic flight is a narrow band of operation from Mach 3 to 5 and hypersonic flight is in excess of Mach 5 (Benson, 2013). Shape technology and wing design are the primary areas of concern in setting out to build an aircraft capable of supersonic speeds. If airflow velocities reach sonic speeds at some location on an aircraft further acceleration results in the onset of...
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...first practical fixed-wing aircraft in the small town of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. Though the Wright brothers were not the first to experiment with flying machines, they were the first to design an aircraft that had three-axis control by which a pilot could control the pitch, roll, and yaw. Today’s aircraft are much more advanced, but the concept has remained unchanged for almost 110 years. The website listed above provides an outline of the basic parts, control surfaces, and other components of a typical aircraft. It also contains pictures and information detailing where each component is located and what each component achieves during flight. The components that I found interesting were the same components the Wright brothers used to control the flight of their first aircraft. Those components are the elevator, the rudder, and the aileron. The elevator is the component that controls the pitch of the aircraft. There are two elevators located in the rear of the aircraft on each side of the horizontal stabilizer. By moving the elevators up or down, a pilot can change the amount of down force applied to the tail, thus moving the aircraft nose up or down. The rudder is the component that controls the yaw of the aircraft. The rudder is also located in the rear of the aircraft on the aft end of the vertical stabilizer. By moving the rudder left or right, the side force produced by the vertical stabilizer changes to move the nose of the aircraft to the left or right. The...
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...structure and invested staff led to one of the most profitable airlines in the US. JetBlue was not just another low fare carrier. One of the main reasons for their success is innovation. Their aircrafts were the first to have live satellite television in every seat, they were the first to install bullet proof cockpit doors and “TrueBlue” was a customer loyalty program that differentiated from all other frequent flier programs. Most importantly, they identified a customer need that was not satisfied by other low cost carriers. Customers wanted a good flying experience, they were clearly unhappy with the airline services at the time when JetBlue was created and as stated in the case study “complaints about airlines were at an eleven year high.” JetBlue CEO David Neeleman saw this gap and made sure that “exemplary customer service” was identified with the airline. This was achieved through its people and technology. JetBlue bypassed external parties and travel agents which limited customer contact to JetBlue’s people and systems. When booking, customers either went to www.jetblue.com or called 1-800-JET-BLUE. Once in the airplane, travelers enjoyed comfortable leather seating, Live TV and delays were handled with customers in mind. JetBlue employed two spare aircraft to avoid cancelations, customers were accurately informed about delays and...
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...Abstract In this experiment, the use of a scale model airfoil section of an aircraft wing will be analyzed in a wind tunnel. The basic physical laws of engineering and science shall be applied to verify and to understand the principles of flight. A dimensional analysis will be applied to the model airfoil to represent a full-scale wing prototype. The basics of aerodynamics, as applied to standard NACA airfoil configurations shall be applied to establish performance data regarding lift, drag and stall with respect to the various angles attack demonstrated throughout the experiment at a number of air speed. It should be noted that the Cessna 152 trainer aircraft uses a NACA 2412 airfoil, which is slightly thinner than the NASA 2415 airfoil currently available in this laboratory. Other airfoil models used in this laboratory include the NACA 4415 (normally used on the Lake Amphibious aircraft) and the NACA 0015 (used on helicopter blades and some acrobatic aircraft). The NACA 4415 is a very high lift airfoil designed to lift aircraft out of water quickly. The main purpose of this laboratory experiment was to gain a basic understanding of aerodynamics of an aircraft wing. A small scale model of a much larger prototype aircraft wing was used to save time and money for the testing process. The small scale model was placed inside of a wind tunnel at various angles of attack and wind velocities. Due to a difference in velocities across the small scale airfoil, pressure readings...
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...LONG DURATION FIGHTER OPERATIONS WITH AIR-TO-AIR REFUELLING AND ITS AERO-MEDICAL ASPECTS INTRODUCTION 1. Air-to-Air refuelling ops are those which involve the transfer of fuel from one ac to another in flight. This extends the range, enables fighters to carry increased payload, increases the time on station and affords far greater flexibility in employment of aircraft. Air-to-Air refuelling can be used to enhance the capabilities of virtually all types of aircraft. The IAF has recently acquired air-to-air refuelling capability with the induction of IL-78 Flight Refuelling Aircraft (FRA) in its inventory. 2. The induction of the FRA would result in a considerable increase in the duration of fighter flights. Flights of fighter aircraft, which were earlier restricted to approx. 2 ½ to 3 hours, could now increase to 7 to 8 hours or even longer. Such long duration flights pose certain physiological difficulties and problems for fighter pilots of the IAF, who have so far not been exposed to such operations. Certain human frailties and physiological factors involved in these long duration fighter operations need to be understood by our fighter aircrew and they need to train to address the peculiarities arising thereof. AIM 3. The aim of this paper is to identify the aero-medical aspects involved in long duration fighter operations resulting from air-to-air refuelling and suggest remedies for the same. It would also attempt to suggest modifications on the M-2000...
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...Boeing “greatly reduced out-of-sequence work and parts shortages.” * New technology on 737 that was too advanced for customers. 2. What is the e-Enabled Advantage? How did it link to the company’s strategy? * e-Enabled Advantage is an IT service that Boeing can place into aircrafts that will help airlines collect and analyze data surrounding the aircraft’s maintenance, flight operations, and passenger needs. * Designed to “help airlines cut costs, improve dispatch reliability, reduce delays and cancellations, improve passenger service, enhance aviation security, and provide real-time situational awareness…” (Pg. 199). * Service, not a tangible product. (Pg. 199). * Allows the aircraft to be integrated with airline ground systems. * “…it’s a factory that is ‘unplugged’ from the airline while flying…depriving airlines of valuable information and data that could be used to improve efficiency and safety.” (Pg. 201). * Company’s strategy was shifted from short-term management to long-term value planning. (Pg. 201). * Shifted the company from focusing on providing a tangible product to providing services that was “about improving the performance of the people in the airline.” (Pg. 204). * “Our vision of the future of flight is fundamentally linked with technology, services, and keeping customers...
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...Case Analysis of Southwest Airlines I .Time Context -1971 its first flights -2008 lowering of fares and increase in passenger traffic wherever the carrier serves. II. Viewpoint The purpose of this study aims to analyze some aspects in term of marketing, finance, operation, human resource and culture. III. Statement of Problem 1. At general, we can see if SWA did not have an issue on their overall performance, in financial, marketing, and operation side. 2. But, in this case problems, started on March, 2008, shortly after the reports in media surfaced about SWA not meeting inspections deadlines, SWA cancelled 4% of its flights and grounded 44 of its Boeing 737-300s until it verified that the aircraft had undergone required inspections. 3. Issues of on customer service as the on-time arrivals and other metrics are certain to deteriorate. 4. Decreasing % of schedule flights arriving within 15 minutes of schedule time. In 2007 for SWA is 80.7% in quarter I-2008 become 78.5% 5. Involuntary denied boarding per 10,000 passengers due to oversold flights. In 2007 for SWA is 1.25% increase to 1.68% in quarter I-2008. 6. Increasing complaint per 100,000 passengers boarded. In 2007 for SWA is only 0.19% in quarter I-2008 increasing to 0,32% IV. Alternative Course of Action Strengths * Best low-fare carrier by standard of fleet * Flexible even though unionized - can still negotiate flexible work hours * Maximizes use of Internet for booking * ...
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...1. This background paper covers a brief history of the Tuskegee Airmen. The main points include the aircraft the Tuskegee Airmen flew, their combat record, and their overall historical significance. 2. The Tuskegee Airmen flew a variety of aircraft throughout World War II. During their time as part of the 12th Air Force, they flew patrol and attack missions aboard the P-39 and P-40.1 The P-39 was a unique airplane in that the engine was located behind the cockpit. The P-39 was equipped with a 37 millimeter cannon, four .50-caliber machine guns, and up to 500 pounds of bombs externally.2 The P-40 was a single engine, single seat, fighter aircraft that proved to be a versatile and successful aircraft during the war.3 When the Tuskegee Airmen were reassigned to the 332nd Fighter Group of the 15th Air Force, they flew the P-47 and P-51 airplanes.4 The P-47 was a single engine, single seat airplane with eight .50-caliber machine guns and up to 2,500 pounds of bombs or rockets.5 The P-51 “Mustang” was a...
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...Porter’s Five Forces Threat of new Entrants Threat of new entry is moderate, because it requires high capital to support and government barrier is high such as the air service agreement can build barriers to those new entrants. The degree of barriers to entry depends on the strength of:- • Customers have a little bit of brand loyalty. If customers of AirAsia do not have brand loyalty, then the threat of new entrants will be very high. But the higher numbers of competitors in the industry also will decrease AirAsia’s customer loyalty. Due to most of the travelers prefer low cost. New competitors which want to come in the industry need to spend a little to compete with AirAsia. • Higher Capital Requirement The airline industry needs large volume of start-up capital. The cost of setting up of offices, buying or leasing air craft, hiring pilots and others staffs like air stewardess and etc incur a high start-up cost. So that, the threat if AirAsia is low. • Offered different product AirAsia offer different product to compare with other competitors in Asia, for example, Bangkok Airways, Tiger Airways, and Air Philippines. • Government Legislation Air Asia very difficult gets a new route from government because Malaysian Airlines System (MAS) has been protected by Malaysia government on the route to Sydney and Seoul Incheon. Therefore, it will affect the time line set by AirAsia and the most important is also influence their profit. Thus, this is the limited of the new...
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...the scope of General Aviation, the type of aircraft flown that operate under it and the FAA Code Of Regulations that govern them which are 14 CFR Parts 91 and 21. Following that we’ll discuss and talk about some of the recent activities that have been taking place in the past few years in this field of aviation. The severity of a General Aviation accident is classified by the highest level of injury (that is fatal, serious, minor or none) and the total aircraft damage (destroyed, substantial, minor or none). Finally we will compare and analyze historical General Aviation accident rates between the years of 1995 and 1999 from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Introduction Aviation is classified into three broad types that are Military Aviation, Commercial Aviation and General Aviation. General Aviation is defined as any civil aircraft operation that doesn’t fall under 14 (Aeronautics and Space) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) parts 121,129 and 135. The operations that are included in General Aviation are that of U.S. registered aircraft operated under 14 CFR Parts 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules), 21 (Certification procedures for products and parts) and civilian public use (Qualified government missions that may include law enforcement, low-level observation, aerial application, firefighting, search and rescue, biological or geological resource management, and aeronautical research). The types of aircraft operated under 14 CFR Part 91 include airplanes...
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...DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINE AIR INLET Air intake (inlet) — For subsonic aircraft, the inlet is a duct which is required to ensure smooth airflow into the engine despite air approaching the inlet from directions other than straight ahead. This occurs on the ground from cross winds and in flight with aircraft pitch and yaw motions. The duct length is minimized to reduce drag and weight.[1] Air enters the compressor at about half the speed of sound so at flight speeds lower than this the flow will accelerate along the inlet and at higher flight speeds it will slow down. Thus the internal profile of the inlet has to accommodate both accelerating and diffusing flow without undue losses. For supersonic aircraft, the inlet has features such as cones and ramps to produce the most efficient series of shockwaves which form when supersonic flow slows down. The air slows down from the flight speed to subsonic velocity through the shockwaves, then to about half the speed of sound at the compressor through the subsonic part of the inlet. The particular system of shockwaves is chosen, with regard to many constraints such as cost and operational needs, to minimize losses which in turn maximizes the pressure recovery at the compressor. An intake, or especially for aircraft inlet, is an air intake for an engine. Because the modern internal combustion engine is in essence a powerful air pump, like the exhaust system on an engine, the intake must be carefully engineered and tuned...
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...The Rise of Air Transport and its impact on the Environment [pic] Table of Content 1 Abstract 3 2 Introduction 3 3 HISTORY OF THE WORLD AIR transport 3 3.1 How it all began 3 3.2 ICAO and IATA-history and reality 4 4 Air Transportation and the Environment 5 4.1 Demand for Air Transport 5 4.2 Environmental Impact of Aviation 7 4.3 CO2 emissions per passenger kilometer 7 4.4 Aircraft Water Emission 9 4.5 Nitrogen Oxides 9 4.6 Impact of Aviation on Biodiversity 10 4.7 Noise Emissions and its impact on humans as well as biodiversity 11 5 Cost of Aviation on certain examples 11 5.1 Aviation Cost for exotic flowers 11 5.2 The Berlin Airport Fiasco 12 6 Historical Trends in Aircraft Transport 13 7 Conclusion 14 8 Table of Figures 15 9 Sources 15 1 Abstract The following Assignment has the topic of showing the history of aviation and within this showing the environmental impact of aviation. Due to this the history is shown and in addition different types of problems connected to aviation such as carbon oxide and greenhouse gases are explained. At last there is an introduction in data’s showing aviation in its beginning as a mass transport and now. 2 Introduction Transportation - one of the most important sectors of the economy, performing the function of a kind of circulatory system in a...
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... For Boeing, trying to become the global leader in its industry again meant that they needed to launch an exceptional, better aircraft than their competition, Airbus. They were also relying on foreign partners more than ever before to get every part ready in time for assembly. With the launch of their 25th model named the 787 Dreamliner, scheduled for delivery in 2008, Boeing promised to provide airlines with a fuel efficient aircraft and passengers with a modern, convenient airplane that will take them distances in comfort at competitive prices. A potential benefit of this new aircraft was to decrease fuel consumption by 20% making it more environmental friendly with its quieter takeoffs and landings. The market structure for the Dreamliner has an oligopolistic nature which means there are few aircraft manufactures which sell large quantities to its buyers. With Boeings biggest competitor Airbus unable to compete with the Dreamliner product, Boeing has the chance to take over the market for commercial aircraft. The demand for the Dreamliner is derived demand. Due to customer demand for comfortable fair priced airline travel, the demand for the Dreamliner will increase. Customers demand comfort during air travel and the Boeing Airliner promises added luxuries that will increase customer purchases to those airlines with a Dreamliner aircraft. The chief project manager for the Boeing, Tim Cogan stated, “It’s not just an evolutionary step…it borders on revolutionary.”...
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...Boeing – Competitive Rivalry Within the Industry 1) Number of competitors a. Rivalry from its main competitor, Airbus, is considered very high b. Boeing currently provides aircraft to 75% of the world’s fleet c. Losing market share would have a major impact on the company’s performance and future development d. Airbus has been more invested in marketing research and new product development, whereas Boeing has not taken as much interest 2) Rate of industry growth a. The FAA predicts steady growth for the airline industry over the next 20 years, with yearly totals climbing to nearly 1.3 billion 3) Product or service characteristics a. Boeing was able to capitalize on the success of its family-of-aircraft approach, which allowed the company to assemble one base model of aircraft that could be modified in a variety of ways to meet the needs and requirements of different customers b. The family concept allowed the company to rapidly accumulate a base of knowledge that could be applied to future generations of aircraft 4) Amount of fixed costs a. Boeing is writing off billions of dollars in fixed costs used to produce its 747-8 airplane b. This is coupled with a sinking demand and lower production rate 5) High of exit barriers a. Since the airline industry is highly specialized, there is a low percentage of companies that voluntarily leave the industry 6) Diversity of rivals a. In this scenario, Boeing’s main and only competitor is Airbus b. These rivals have...
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...adopted by Air Asia? How has Air Asia achieved cost leadership? Answer 1) High aircraft utilization: Air Asia uses the aircraft in very high frequency and high turnover of flights; these add value to customer convenience and enable low cost. Air Asia has the fastest turnover in its region; is 25 minutes. a) Low fare no frills: Air Asia does not have frequent flyer miles program and private airport lounge. No free foods and beverages even snack in flight, additional meal and service required passenger to pay more. b) Point to point network: All Air Asia both short-haul (4 hours or less radius) and medium to long-haul are non-stop flight, by doing that; save human recourses cost, facilities cost, airport cost, etc. c) Air Asia changed all existing old aircraft Boeing B737 with Airbus A320, which has more capacity, more efficient fuel-consume and cost-efficient. d) By utilizing homogeneous aircrafts, the company is able to save human resources cost and reduce spare part stocks. These strategies have brought Air Asia as the lowest-cost airline in the world, with a cost/ASK (available seat kilometer) of US3.67. This great achievement was achieved without compromising safety. Air Asia’s highest priority is safety of all the operations. To keep the aircraft in best condition Air Asia partnered with the best maintenance provider. e) Air Asia R&D not only works on the aircraft utilization but also on infrastructure and technology. Air Asia’s success story...
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