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Alcohol , Ethanol

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Alkohol

Alkohol (ethanol) har gennem flere hundrede år været danskernes foretrukne rusmiddel. Det er det mest brugte, og et af de mest sundhedsskadelige rusmidler.

Beregning af alkoholindtagelsen

For at kunne beregne alkoholindtagelsen skal man vide, hvor meget der er drukket, og hvor stor alkoholprocenten er. F.eks. indeholder en almindelig pilsner 33 cl og alkoholprocenten er opgivet til "4,6 % vol" alkohol. Det betyder at 4,6 % af flaskens indhold målt i rumfang er alkohol. Dette er IKKE det samme som at 4,6 % af massen er alkohol. Men da alkoholens massefylde er 7,9 g/cl finder man nemt antallet af gram alkohol ved at benytte følgende udregning: 1. 1 pilsner indeholder 0, 046 · 33cl · 7,9g/cl = 11,99 gram alkohol 2. 2 pilsnere indeholder 0, 046 · (2 · 33cl) · 7,9g/cl = 23,98 gram alkohol osv. Herved fremkommer formlen:
Gram alkohol = alkoholprocenten · total volumen af drikkevare · 7,9 g/cl

"En genstand" er defineret som 12 gram alkohol, så når man drikker en alm. øl, svarer det ifølge ovenstående til at man indtager ca. 1 genstand.
Det er en udbredt myte, at en snaps på 2 cl også svarer til en genstand. Men dette er – som det vil fremgå af nedenstående opgave - stærkt overdrevet! Faktisk skal man snarere drikke 4 cl snaps for at have drukket en genstand.

Indledende opgave (opg. 0):

a) Udregn hvor meget en alm. snaps på 2 cl og 40 volumen- % alkohol svarer til i genstande

Følgende tabel indeholder volumenprocent'er for udvalgte drikkevarer samt indhold i cl af en flaske/glas/shot.

Alkoholindhold i udvalgte drikkevarer | Volumenprocent | Indhold i cl | Alm. pilsner | 4,6 | 33 | Rødvin (glas) | 13 | 12 | Shots | 30 | 2 | Vodka, Rom o.l. | 40 | 2 |
b) Lav en grafisk afbildning, der viser sammenhængen mellem antal flasker/glas (x) og gram alkohol (y) for: 1. Almindelig pilsner 2. Rødvin 3. Shots 4. Vodka, Rom o.l.
c) Hvilken type matematisk sammenhæng, x-y sammenhæng er der mellem x og y? sæt navn på, eksponentiel,lineær,proportional…….

Promilleberegning
Alkohol fordeler sig i kroppens vand. For mænd udgør det 68 % af kropsvægten, for kvinder ca. 55 %. Mængden af alkohol (angivet i gram) divideret med mængden af vand i kroppen (angivet i gram) og angivet i tusinddele - er promillen. At drikke "en genstand" svarer som tidligere nævnt til at indtage 12 gram alkohol eller ca. en normal øl. Eksempel:
Jette der vejer 65 kg, drikker 3 genstande. Hendes promille bliver derfor: 3·1265·0,55=1,007.

1. a) Opskriv ud fra dette eksempel to formler til beregning af promiller for hhv. mænd og kvinder, hvor variablerne personens masse (m) og antal genstande (N) indgår.
Pkvinde=

Pmand=

b) En kvinde vejer 57 kg og hendes promille er 1,8. Hvor mange gram alkohol har hun i kroppen? Og hvor mange genstande svarer det til?
c) Lav tabeller over (jeres egen vægt, mand/kvinde), der viser udviklingen i promille for hver enkelt i gruppen.

| vægt | 1 genstand | 2 genstan- de | 3 genstan- de | 4 genstan- de | 5 genstan-de | 6 genstan- de | Elev 1 | | | | | | | | Elev 2 | | | | | | | | Elev3 | | | | | | | | Elev 4 | | | | | | | | d) Hvilken formel har I indtastet til at beregne de enkelte felter i tabellen?
e) Gør rede for metoden, formlen og alkoholmængden i kroppen på dig selv (sæt ord på !!!)

Alkohol optages let og hurtigt fra mave-tarmkanalen og kan ca. 5 min. efter indtagelsen måles i blodet. Den maksimale alkoholkoncentration vil være nået efter 30-90 min. Optagelseshastigheden bliver langsommere hvis man samtidig indtager fedtholdig føde, fordi mavesækken tømmes langsommere.
Alkohol er et af de få stoffer der er blandbare med både vand og fedt. Dette betyder at den indtagne alkohol let passerer over mave-tarm-slimhinden ind i blodet, og derfra blander sig med al vand i kroppen.
Af den indtagne alkoholmængde vil ca. 90 % blive nedbrudt ved en oxidationsproces (= iltnings-proces) i levercellernes cytoplasma og mitokondrier. De resterende 10 % vil uomdannet blive udskilt gennem urin, afføring, sved og udåndingsluft.

Ved en daglig indtagelse af alkohol vil enzym-systemet cytochrom P450 efterhånden udvide sin kapacitet. Dermed vil der blive nedbrudt mere alkohol pr. tidsenhed. Man mener dette er en medvirkende årsag til tolerans-udviklingen hos storforbrugere af alkohol. Sammenlignet med personer som ikke har et stort dagligt forbrug, vil alkoholikeren kunne forbrænde alkohol 1½ gange hurtigere.
Inaktiveringen af giftstoffer i kroppen sker normalt eksponentielt hvilket betyder at samme procentdel nedbrydes pr. tidsenhed. Der eksisterer altså en ”halveringstid” =T½.
Undtagelsen fra denne regel er alkohol der nedbrydes ligefrem proportionalt - altså samme mængde pr. tidsenhed. Under normale omstændigheder drejer det sig om ca. 0,115 g pr. time pr. kg legemsvægt. Dette svarer for en person på 70 kg til: g ren alkohol pr. time. Dermed tager det ca.: 1½ time for en person på 70 kg at forbrænde en genstand.

2. a) Opskriv en formel for tiden (t) det tager at forbrænde en genstand, hvor personens masse (m) indgår

t =

b) Lav en tabel over hvor lang tid det tager at forbrænde en genstand - se også tabel næste side).

Vægt/kg | Tid/timer for at forbrænde en genstand | Elev 1 | | Elev 2 | | Elev 3 | | Elev 4 | |

c) Lad nu x være personens vægt og y tiden. Tegn en kurve, der viser udviklingen i tiden det tager at forbrænde en genstand.

d) Hvilken xy-sammenhæng ser der ud til at være mellem vægten og tiden (lineær, eksponentiel, potens,..)?

3. David (eller en fra gruppen, hvis vægt er m kg, I kan selv vælge) som vejer 80 kg, bunder 7 øl (antag at øllene optages øjeblikkeligt).

a) Hvad er hans alkoholpromille?

b) Hvor mange gram alkohol forbrænder David pr. time? c) Opskriv en regneforskrift for sammenhængen mellem mængden af alkohol (y), som David har i kroppen, og antal timer (x), og gør rede for at den er lineær.

d) Tegn en kurve der viser udviklingen i mængden af alkohol i
Davids krop i løbet af et passende antal timer.

e) Hvornår er han ædru? (opstil en ligning og løs den)

f) Hvad er mængden af alkohol i Davids krop efter 10 timer? g) Hvornår må han køre bil? (promillegrænsen er 0,5).(Hint: Find først ud af hvad 0,5 i promille svarer til i gram alkohol for David( eller jeres egen valg) (se jeres løsning til opg. 1b, og løs derefter på samme måde som i punkt 3 e).

4. Martin (som også vejer 80 kg), eller jeres kandidat, drikker stille og roligt nogle øl med hastigheden 1 genstand i timen. Vi antager at en bestemt øl er optaget når den aktuelle time er gået. Efter 1 time har Martin derfor optaget 1 øl, efter 2 timer har han optaget 2 øl osv. (Husk dog, at Martins krop samtidigt hele tiden forbrænder alkohol, så efter 1 time indeholder hans krop slet ikke mængden af alkohol fra 1 øl, osv.).
a) Hvor mange gram alkohol har Martin i kroppen når den første øl er drukket? (Husk her at tage kroppens forbrænding med i regnskabet!). Hvor meget har han efter den anden øl er drukket?
b) Opskriv en regneforskrift der viser udviklingen i mængden (i gram!) af alkohol (y), som Martin har i kroppen, som funktion af antal timer (x). c) Tegn en kurve, der viser udviklingen i Martins promille i løbet af et passende antal timer. d) Hvornår må Martin ikke køre bil længere? e) Vi antager man dør når ens promille når 6. Hvor lang tid kan Martin blive ved med at drikke før han er død? 5. Ole og Pia deler en flaske vin (14%), de får lige meget, Ole vejer 80 kg Pia 65 kg.
Beskriv hvordan deres promille udvikler sig og bestem hvornår de er ædru igen ( hvem bliver først Ædru ??)
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Sådan virker promillerne
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0,2 promille: Du kan knapt mærke, at du er beruset, men dit øje har allerede sværere ved at fokusere og omstille sig fra lys til mørke.
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0,5 promille: Du kan som regel mærke en let rus. Du kan føle dig afslappet og mere selvsikker. Du er dårligere til at opfatte situationer og udføre præcise bevægelser, fx i trafikken. Det er derfor, promille-grænsen i trafikken er 0,5.
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0,8 promille: Du kan klart mærke rusen. Det kan være, du slår dig løs og snakker og danser derudaf, men du ved, hvad du gør. I trafikken er du langsommere til at reagere og dårligere til at koordinere.
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1,2 promille: Du er ved at være rigtigt fuld. Du bliver lidt klodset og usikker på benene og meget højtsnakkende. Din selvkritik er lav.
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1,5 - 2,0 promille: Du er meget fuld. Du har blussende ansigt og stirrende blik. Du har svært ved at tale rent. Du vrøvler og har problemer med at styre arme og ben. Din selvkritik er minimal. Du kan pludselig blive meget træt. Selv som fodgænger kan du være farlig i trafikken.
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2,0 - 3,0 promille: Du kan komme til at tisse i bukserne (manglende kontrol over urinblæren) og få symptomer på forgiftning, evt. bevidstløshed.
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4,0 promille: Du er i livsfare, fordi åndedrætscentret i hjernen kan lammes
Hash

Det stof der gør en skæv når man ryger hash (eller cannabis eller marihuana) hedder tetra–hydro-cannabinol (THC) og kommer fra hampplanten. En vigtig egenskab ved stoffet er at det er meget fedtopløseligt. I ren form er THC en olie som planten beskytter sine blade og blomster med for at undgå udtørring. Den høje fedtopløselighed betyder at store mængder THC let optages og deponeres i kroppens fedtvæv.

Udskillelse

Et af de mere interessante biologiske forhold ved hash er dets lange halveringstid. Ved halveringstid forstås den tid der går fra indtagelse af en given dosis THC til halvdelen er ude af kroppen igen. Cannabinol har en halveringstid på to til fem dage hvilket er meget lang tid i forhold til andre rusmidler. Grunden til den lange halveringstid er at THC så at sige gemmer sig i kroppens fedt. Efter indtagelse stiger koncentrationen hurtigt i blodet. En del trænger ind i centralnervesystemet, men hovedparten bliver optaget i kroppens fedtvæv. Herfra gives det kun langsomt tilbage til blodet. Det er forklaringen på at man kan måle THC-rester fra hashrygere flere måneder efter deres sidste hashrush.

Hjernen påvirkes let af hash. Det er således forsvindende små mængder THC der skal til for at fremkalde en rus. Forsøg har vist, at ved maksimal ruspåvirkning er det mindre end 1 % af den indtagne THC der findes i hjernen, hvilket svarer til ca. 0,25 mg.
Hvis en person for at opnå maksimal ruspåvirkning ryger 1 g hash indeholdende 5 % THC, er der 50 mg THC til rådighed. Ved rygning optages kun halvdelen, altså 25 mg i blodet, resten ødelægges ved pyrolyse, udåndes eller bliver tilbage i piben. Når hjernen har optaget ca. 1 % svarende til 0,25 mg, vil personen være maksimalt ruspåvirket, og derfor ophører stofindtagelsen.
Nedbrydningen af THC finder først og fremmest sted i leveren. Det udskilles med urinen.

6. Mads ryger 1 g hash (Herefter kaldet THC).
a) Hvor meget THC findes i Mads' blod kort tid efter at han har røget? Mads har 25 mg THC i blodet

Vi antager nu at THC-mængden i Mads’ blod halveres i løbet af to dage.
b) Hvor meget THC findes i Mads’ blod efter to dage?
Efter to dage har Mads 12,5 mg THC i blodet c) Opskriv en regneforskrift for sammenhængen mellem mængden af THC (y) og antal dage (x).
(Hint: Ud fra startmængden og oplysningen om halveringstid kan I nemt lave to punkter: og , og derefter bruge formlerne til at beregne a og b med. Alternativt kan I lave regression ud fra de to punkter).
c.
X | Y | 0 | 25 | 2 | 12,5 |

Eksponentiel regression udført vha. CAS-værktøjet WordMat: R2 = 1 y=25·0,7071068x d) Hvor mange procent aftager mængden af THC med pr. dag? (Nej, svaret er ikke bare 25 %)
d. 1-0,7071068=0,2928932

Den aftager med 29% pr. dag e) Tegn en kurve vha WordMat, der viser udviklingen i mængden af THC i Mads’ krop i løbet af et passende antal dage.

f) Hvornår er Mads hashfri? (forudsat at ”hashfri” betyder at der højst er 0,01 mg tilbage i hans blod). (Beregn det ved at løse en ligning!)

0,01=25·0,7071068x ⇕ Ligningen løses for x vha. CAS-værktøjet WordMat. x=22,57543≈23 dage Der går 23 dage før han er hashfri.

Kokain
Kokain findes i bladene på træet Erythroxylon coca der vokser vildt i Peru og Bolivia. Ved at man opløser bladene i en blanding af petroleum og stærk syre, dannes der koka-pasta som raffineres videre til det 100 % rene kokain-hydroklorid. I denne form eksporteres stoffet.
Kokain-hydroklorid kan ikke indtages ved rygning (så forbrænder det). Indsprøjtning eller snifning (hvor det fra næsens slimhinder passerer over i blodet) er derfor de foretrukne måder at indtage kokain på.
Kokain har en kort halveringstid, nemlig 30-90 minutter. Den skyldes en effektiv nedbrydning i leveren. Der er dog en del af kokainet som bliver optaget i kroppens fedtvæv og først langsomt bliver afgivet til blodet.
Det var psykoanalytikeren Sigmund Freud det gjorde kokainet kendt i 1884. Han brugte det i behandlingen af depressioner. Patienten blev fra at være trist, modløs og opgivende, igen fuld af livskraft og energi.
Virkningen på en kokain-bruger er at han bliver meget vågen og frisk – kokainet stimulerer centralnervesystemet. Men brugeren bliver hurtig meget afhængig. Og ved indtagelse af store doser bliver han så ”vågen” at han ser og hører ting som ikke er der. Det kan udarte til psykose (= ændret realitetssans).

Amfetamin
Amfetamin – også kaldet fattigmands coke – er det mest brugte centralstimulerende narkotika i Danmark. Dets virkninger er meget lig kokainets, men det har en længere halveringstid. Derfor giver det en længere rus.
Det indtages almindeligvis som piller der spises, eller som pulver der sniffes.
Amfetamin har en halveringstid på ca. 4 timer.
Urinens surhedsgrad spiller en rolle for hvor hurtigt amfetaminen udskilles.

7. Sussie sniffer 15 mg kokain.

a) Udfyld en tabel over udviklingen af mængden af kokain i hendes krop og tegn en kurve over udviklingen i løbet af et passende antal timer. Vi antager at halveringstiden er 1 time. x | Y | 0 | 15 | 1 | 7,5 | 2 | 3,75 |

Eksponentiel regression udført vha. CAS-værktøjet WordMat: R2 = 1 y=15·0,5x Camilla sniffer amfetamin i samme mængde som Sussies kokain.

b) Udfyld også her en tabel over udviklingen af amfetamin i hendes krop og tegn - i samme koordinatsystem - en kurve over udviklingen i løbet af et passende antal timer.

b) x | Y | 0 | 15 | 4 | 7,5 |

Eksponentiel regression udført vha. CAS-værktøjet WordMat: R2 = 1 y=15·0,8408964x c) Kommenter forskellen på de to pigers kurver.

Der er stor forskel på halveringstiden. Ved indtagelse af amfetamin tager det 4 timer før det er halveret, derimod tager det kun 1 time før kokainen er halveret. Hvilket for Camilla vil betyde at hun er påvirket af amfetaminen meget længere tid end Sussie.

d) Er de grafer for lineære eller eksponentielle funktioner? (Forklar hvorfor!)
d) Det er eksponentielle, fordi den falder med en fast procent.

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Recrystallization of Acetanilide

...Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila Organic Chemistry Laboratory Recrystallization of Acetanilide Experiment 4 Author: Janina Erika G. Sese Group 8 – 2C Medical Technology (A.Y. 2015-2016) Members: Kathleen Danielle Marie A. Robles, Amiel C. Sabangan, Hanz Jefry A. Saliendra, Andrea Betina M. Vega, Anna Denise Z. Yang ------------------------------------------------- Date Submitted: October 28, 2015 ------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Recrystallization is the simplest and most widely used operation for purifying organic solids that differ in their solubility at different temperatures. In this experiment, three test tubes with water, hexane and, ethanol, respectively, were used to dissolve pure acetanilide. These test tubes were placed in a water bath for one to five minutes, then, were cooled through running water for the selection of the best solvent to use in recrystallization. Crude acetanilide was obtained by mixing two milliliters aniline and 20 milliliters distilled water with three milliliters acetic anhydride, which was cooled with running water. It was then filtered and dried for the procurement of crude acetanilide. This was mixed with 20 milliliters of the chosen solvent and heated through water bath until the solid was dissolved. Next, it was immediately filtered while hot. The filtrate was collected and was cooled with running water leading to the recrystallization of pure...

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Asdf

...The Determination of Percentage Ethanol from Gin Vodka by Simple Distillation *Bejasa,B. ; Beltran,R. ; Bombase,M. ; Bunyi,C. ; Canlas,L. 2BMT Abstract Vodka is composed primarily of water and ethanol with traces of impurities and flavourings and naturally has an alcoholic content of 38-40% by volume. This experiment aimed to determine the percent ethanol of the vodka through simple distillation. A 30mL of the sample was collected and heated through the use of alcohol lamp. A collection of 0.50mL of distillate was continuously made while recording its corresponding temperature until the sample reached 100°C. Through the obtained data, the percentage ethanol was computed (5.0%). Introduction Vodka is a clear liquor manufactured from ethyl alcohol. It is said to have been originally created from potatoes in Russia for medicinal purposes. Nowadays, Vodka is distilled from barley, wheat or rye. Most flavoured vodka contains 30-35% alcohol, whereas clear vodka is normally 40%, with a few brands offering a 50% product on top(1). Its percentage ethanol can be determined through the use of a simple distillation set-up. Simple distillation is designed to evaporate a volatile liquid from a solution of non-volatile substances(2). The first mention of the process of simple distillation appears in India and China around 800 B.C. in the production of beer and rice wine. At present time, simple distillation helps make production simple and economical, creating more products for consumers(3)...

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Solution

...asked to put extra effort into writing your assignment in a succinct manner. This is a very important business skill and one that you should seek to develop. Your assignment should answer each question fully, but at the same time be to the point, focused on answering the questions, and should not include unnecessary duplication of points or information. Presentation Assignments must be typed, although diagrams can be hand drawn as they can be difficult and pointlessly time-consuming drawn by computer. You must acknowledge your sources – i.e. where you are using the words or ideas of another person. However, there is no need to research other sources for this assignment. ******** Alcohol Taxes Smoking is the largest cause of drug-related deaths and hospitalisations in Australia,...

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Haloalkane

...ELIMINATION VERSUS SUBSTITUTION IN HALOGENOALKANES This page discusses the factors that decide whether halogenoalkanes undergo elimination reactions or nucleophilic substitution when they react with hydroxide ions from, say, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Details for each of these types of reaction are given elsewhere, and you will find links to them from this page. The reactions Both reactions involve heating the halogenoalkane under reflux with sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. Nucleophilic substitution The hydroxide ions present are good nucleophiles, and one possibility is a replacement of the halogen atom by an -OH group to give an alcohol via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. In the example, 2-bromopropane is converted into propan-2-ol. Note: If you want to read about nucleophilic substitution in this reaction in detail, follow this link. Elimination Halogenoalkanes also undergo elimination reactions in the presence of sodium or potassium hydroxide. The 2-bromopropane has reacted to give an alkene - propene. Notice that a hydrogen atom has been removed from one of the end carbon atoms together with the bromine from the centre one. In all simple elimination reactions the things being removed are on adjacent carbon atoms, and a double bond is set up between those carbons. Note: If you want to read about elimination in this reaction in detail, follow this link. What decides whether you get substitution...

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Researches

...SIMPLE DISTILLATION OF VODKA (THE BAR) Somo, John Carlo , Sopoco, Marc Andrew , Sotong, Patricia , Venturina, Flian Lyra , Tia, Queenie de Leon 2B- Medical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy UST ABSTRACT Distillation is the method used for purifying liquids and separating mixtures of liquids into their individual components. The experiment targets to differentiate the two methods; simple and fractional distillation, to separate its water and alcohol components, and to determine the percentage of ethanol present in the vodka using simple distillation. A volume of 15mL vodka was poured into the distillation flask for heating/boiling by the alcohol lamp. 0.50 ml of distillate was collected in every calibrated test tube until the temperature reached 100 C. The initial/first and the final distillates were kept for the testing of flammability. The first distillate was the one containing the ethanol since it is flammable, while the other one is inflammable so it is the one with the purified water content. INTRODUCTION Distillation is the method of converting a liquid to vapor, condensing the vapor, and collecting the distillate in another container. It is used to separate liquids from nonvolatile solids, as in the separation of alcoholic liquors from fermented materials, or in the separation of two or more liquids having different boiling points, as in the separation of gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oil from crude oil. In the modern organic chemistry laboratory, distillation is...

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Caliorimetry

...This front sheet must be completed by the learner where appropriate and included with the work submitted for assessment. Unit: 1 Fundamentals of Science Course: Extended Diploma in Applied Science (Forensic and Medical Science) (15VF0270) |Learner Name (Please enter your name): | | |Assessor Name: Claire Watkins |Issue Date: |End Date: | | | | | | |Group 1: 5.10.15 |Group 1:19.10.15 | | |Group 2: 6.10.15 |Group 2: 20.10.15 | |Assignment Title: Scientific Reports and Communication |Assignment Ref (if used): 1.3 | |Assessment Criteria |Achieved |Evidence Location |Comments/feedback from assessor | |P7 – Carry out a practical investigation into the |Yes/No |Scientific Report | ...

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Simple and Fractional Distillation

...Simple and Fractional Distillation Authors: Abion, T.J.J., Aganda, J.C., Alpay, R.F., Berboso, M.J.R., Casuga, J.M.D. (Group01-2A-BC) Abstract Distillation is the process of converting a liquid to a vapor, condensing the vapor, and then, collecting the distillate in another container. More about distillation will be discussed in the introduction. This experiment was carried out to differentiate simple from fractional distillation, to separate the components of an alcoholic drink, and to calculate the percentage of ethanol present in an alcoholic beverage. The group is assigned to do simple distillation. The computations performed for this experiment are the percent alcohol and percent loss. Percent alcohol determines the percentage of ethanol found in the beverage, while percent loss ascertains the amount of sample lost while doing the experiment. The experiment follows the distillation process to flammability test. The experiment follows as is in the procedure with some difficulties that will be seen in the latter part. Introduction Distillation is the process of purifying compounds by means of separating more volatile substance from non-volatile or less volatile substance. The analysts performed one of the two types of distillation processes- the simple distillation and fractional distillation. In simple distillation, the vapor emerging from the evaporating surface moves uniformly without contacting condensed liquid until they reach the condensing surface. Thus...

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I Don't Know

...Determination of Alcohol Content Blame it on the Alcohol Objective: Boiling is a process familiar to anyone who has cooked pasta or brewed tea. As heat is applied to a pan of water, the temperature of the water increases until it reaches 100°C (212°F). At this temperature, additional heat causes the water to bubble vigorously as the liquid water is converted into gaseous water, or steam. Most organic liquids will behave in a similar fashion. On heating, the temperature of the liquid increases until the boiling point is reached. Additional heating causes the liquid to vaporize accompanied by vigorous bubbling of the liquid. The boiling point of a substance is a physical property of a substance and can be useful for characterizing that substance. The fact that different substances have different boiling points allows us to separate them. The process of heating a substance until it is vaporized, cooling the vapors, and collecting the condensed liquid is the basis of a commonly used purification technique called distillation. Method: The fractional distillation apparatus was set-up as shown in the illustration and was approved by the TA. 50 mL of wine was added into the flask along with boiling chips and the flask was then placed into the heating mantel. A flow of cold water was set-up to continuously run through the condenser and the variac box was set to 5. The temperature at the distilling head was measured and recorded for every mL of distilled ethanol collected. This...

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