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Allende

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La caída de Allende: una versión heterodoxa
El pasado 11 de septiembre se conmemoraron los 42 años del golpe militar en Chile, el cual le puso fin al gobierno (y posiblemente a la vida) del líder Salvador Allende y catapultó en el poder al fallecido dictador Augusto Pinochet por los siguientes 17 años. Mucho se especula sobre la materia desde todas las orillas. Sin embargo, mi intención no es abordar la moralidad o no del golpe y muchos menos las desdeñables violaciones a los derechos humanos que le siguieron. Lo que anhelo es desentrañar ciertos mitos y vicisitudes de la gestión del líder socialista y, de igual manera, traer a colación algunos asuntos que son excluidos en el análisis histórico de los hechos.

Vasili Mitrokhin, antiguo funcionario de la KGB soviética, logró exiliarse en Gran Bretaña en 1992 con una gran cantidad de expedientes secretos de la entidad. En 1999, los compiló en su texto: The world was going our way: The KGB and the battle for the third World. En él, un capítulo entero es dedicado a la relación entre la URSS y Chile. Algunos han llegado a afirmar que Allende fue tan importante para los soviéticos, que se convirtió en su segunda ficha en Latinoamérica, después de Fidel Castro. Lo cierto (http://ellibero.cl/actualidad/la-mano-de-la-kgb-y-la-cia-en-el-quiebre-democratico-en-chile/) es que los devaneos de Allende con los soviéticos comenzaron alrededor de 1953, un año después de haber perdido las elecciones. Su enlace fue el agente Svyatoslav Kuznetsov. Inicialmente, esta relación consistía en intercambios de información sin mediación pecuniaria. En 1964, Allende fue clave para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre los comunistas chilenos y soviéticos y, bajo el remoquete de “líder” y junto a su amante y secretaria Miria Contreras Bell, la “payita”, cubrió algunas misiones soviéticas en el país austral.

Ad portas de las elecciones de 1970, los soviéticos se interesaron sobremanera en aupar a Allende al poder. Esto es importante, pues si bien se habla en demasía sobre el esfuerzo del gobierno norteamericano en frenar la elección del líder (al parecer, grosso modo, $425,000 USD), poco o nada se menciona el papel de la KGB en el golpe democrático (alrededor de los $400,000). Entre lo que recaba Mitrokhin, se encuentran (http://www.cubaencuentro.com/opinion/articulos/allende-y-la-kgb-6874) honorarios al candidato por la Unidad Popular por $50,000, subsidios a la campaña por $30,000, pagos a sus políticos afectos por $60,000, financiación para una publicación de $70,000 y hasta un soborno a un pre candidato de izquierda para que no se presentara a elecciones, por $18,000.

El 4 de septiembre de 1970, Allende se impuso con el 36,6 % de los votos frente a Jorge Alessandri, el más cercano, con el 35,3 %. Sin embargo, no le bastó la mayoría absoluta para ganar la elección. El congreso debía decidir quién era el ganador entre los dos más votados. A pesar del pánico bancario que generó la mayoría en votos de Allende y del intento de los gringos por sabotear su elección, el cual terminó con la vida del general René Schneider, el congreso eligió a Allende con el 81 % de los votos. El respaldo de la Democracia Cristiana, condicionado por la firma de un “Estatuto de garantías democráticas” (que luego Allende reconoció como un mera “necesidad táctica”), fue crucial para quedarse con la presidencia. De esta manera, Salvador Allende se convertía en el primer socialista en el poder a merced de la vía democrática. Antes que Chávez, que Correa, que Evo. El primer socialista del siglo XXI.
Los tres años durante los cuales Allende regentó el poder se caracterizaron por una desastrosa gestión de la economía chilena. Sin embargo, a la hora de abordar esta debacle, los historiadores poca mella hacen en las políticas del gobierno de la Unidad Popular, acudiendo a todo tipo de chivos expiatorios y conspiraciones relacionados con la derecha y con los gringos. La verdad es que la injerencia que estos pudieron tener en el ineluctable fracaso de Allende, es más bien marginal, como lo demostraré en los siguientes acápites.

Se debe partir del hecho de que el gobierno de Allende no marcó un cambio diametral frente a los mandatos anteriores. La economía chilena llevaba a cuestas 40 años de intervencionismo estatal y Allende se encargó de profundizarlo, dirigiéndola por la senda extrema del socialismo. La CEPAL, durante los años 60 y gracias a la gestión del “Keynes latinoamericano”, Raúl Prebisch, ya había pavimentado este camino intervencionista por todo el continente. Eran esas épocas en las que se creía que mediante el mercantilismo los países alcanzarían la prosperidad.

Las nacionalizaciones, las estatizaciones de empresas y del sector bancario, las expropiaciones, la continuación de la reforma agraria, los controles de precios para frenar el efecto de la inflación y el aumento exorbitante de la oferta monetaria para financiar déficits y aumentos por decreto de salarios y subsidios, fueron la fórmula mágica que Allende implementó para liberar al pueblo del yugo capitalista.

En 1971, el gobierno abusaba con creces de la impresión de dinero para financiarse, lo que los economistas denominamos, señoreaje. ¿Acaso la CIA o las fuerzas obscuras de la derecha tuvieron algo que ver con esto? En absoluto (ver aquí (http://econo-miaytuya.blogspot.com.co/2014/04/allende-el-destructor.html) y aquí (http://pseudoerasmus.com/2015/05/21/the-invisible-blockade-against-allendes-chile/). La cantidad de dinero en la economía crecía un 119 %, los salarios mínimos un 39 % (con aumentos del 56 % para los trabajadores de cuello azul), el gasto público real un 36 %, el déficit fiscal aumentaba un 10 % anual como parte del PIB y las reservas internacionales se reducían a menos de la mitad para financiar las importaciones, las cuales iban en aumento. En las cuentas de este año, al parecer, todo iba de maravilla: la economía pasó de crecer al 3,6 al 8 %, la inflación bajaba del 36,1 al 22,1 %, el desempleo disminuía un 2 % y los salarios reales aumentaban un 13,8 %. No obstante, el bacanal de Allende no iba a seguir en pie por mucho.

La política de derroche se prolongó durante los dos años subsiguientes. La emisión de dinero para 1972 y 1973 aumentó un 173 y un 413 %, respectivamente. Los salarios nominales crecían entre un 20 y un 50 % (con mayores guarismos para los obreros y el sector público). De igual manera, la quiebra y la improductividad de las empresas estatizadas requería de sendos aumentos en los subsidios a estas, del 4,6 y el 9,5 % del PIB. Durante estos años, las reservas internacionales cayeron un 84 %, pues se utilizaron para contener la brusca caída de la balanza comercial.

Fue aquí cuando se comenzó a sentir el guayabo de la farra socialista. En 1972 y 1973, respectivamente, el PIB caía al 0,1 y luego al 4,3 %, la inflación era del 261 y 605 %, el desempleo aumentó al 4,8 %, el déficit fiscal llegó al 24,5 y 30,5 %, la recaudación disminuyó y los salarios reales tuvieron descolgadas del 11,3 y del 38,6 %. Con, aproximadamente, el 70 % de los medios de producción en manos del Estado (sin contar la agricultura), era imposible mantener a flote la economía chilena.

Colapsaban los controles de precios, la inversión extranjera, las divisas, la producción de las empresas estatales (sin incluir las de cobre) en un 10 % del PIB, el agro, al 10,3 % anual, con el 40 % de la tierras en manos del Estado, el tipo de cambio (40 veces mayor al oficial) y las importaciones de bienes intermedios (indispensables para la producción doméstica). De igual manera, florecían los mercados negros, la escasez de productos, las colas en los supermercados a merced del racionamiento impuesto por el gobierno en las juntas de abastecimiento, la especulación y la inconformidad de la población, expresada en numerosas huelgas y cacerolazos nacionales. ¿Culpa de la CIA? No lo creo. El apoyo que está le brindó a algunos grupos de oposición y a los camioneros, poco o nada contribuyó a la acabose. Además, es técnicamente imposible que hayan soliviantado a los más de un millón de trabajadores involucrados en las 3,325 y las 2,050 huelgas en 1972 y 1973, respectivamente. Menos tuvo que ver la CIA con la infortunada caída del 25 % del precio del cobre durante estos años, el producto nacionalizado vital para las arcas del Estado chileno.

Es más, ni siquiera es cierto el cuento (http://www.revistaei.uchile.cl/index.php/REI/article/viewFile/17544/19704) de que la ruptura de la línea crediticia desde occidente hacia chile quebró al país. Las donaciones para asistencia técnica se mantuvieron en los $800,000 dólares anuales, los cuerpos de paz distribuyeron alimentos valorados en $10 millones durante el gobierno de Allende (lo cual le permitió cumplir algunas de sus promesas electorales) y la asistencia militar gringa se mantuvo hasta 1972 con créditos por más de $15 millones. A pesar de haber declarado la moratoria de la deuda en 1971, el club de París le postergó los pagos hasta 1975. Fue el impago de la deuda y las nacionalizaciones sin compensación, las que incentivaron a los bancos gringos a rebajar gradualmente las líneas de crédito, de $219 a $32 millones, como lo reconoció el ministro de hacienda Millas. Sin embargo, Allende recibió más de $100 millones del FMI para compensar la caída del precio del cobre. Además, de Europa occidental, recibió unos $200 millones a cambio de importar sus mercancías. Ni hablar de los $446 millones que recibió en solo créditos de largo plazo del bloque soviético y de la china. Todo esto le permitió incrementar la deuda externa del país en un 35 % durante su gobierno.

En 1973 ya todo el mundo (http://www.chilemipatria.cl/index.php/noticias/item/22-de-agosto-de-1973-la-camara-de-diputados-declara-inconstitucional-al-gobierno-de-salvador-allende) le había dado la espalda a Allende. El 23 de mayo, la Corte Suprema se había pronunciado contra él, aduciendo su “interferencia ilegal en (los) asuntos judiciales”. La Democracia Cristiana, que alguna vez lo apoyó para llegar al poder, se encontraba desconcertada ante su gestión. Esta logró el 56 % de los votos en las elecciones parlamentarias de marzo en coalición con los conservadores. Sin embargo, esta votación no era suficiente para alcanzar los dos tercios del congreso necesarios para tumbar al gobierno legalmente. No obstante, el 22 de agosto se firmó el acuerdo (http://www.bicentenariochile.cl/attachments/017_Acuerdo%20C%C3%A1mara%20de%20Diputados%2022%20agosto%201973.pdf) de la cámara de diputados, en el cual se ponían en tela de juicio veinte violaciones a la constitución por parte del presidente y se hacía un llamado general a “poner inmediato término” a los atropellos del mismo. Los firmantes consideraban que Allende había violado el “Estatuto de garantías democráticas” que había firmado cuando llegó al poder. No en vano, 18 días después, se dio el golpe en La Moneda. De igual manera, la ilusión de los soviéticos de establecer una segunda cuba en el continente americano se había esfumado. Allende fue díscolo ante sus instrucciones. Ya a mediados de 1973, los soviéticos habían decidido que Chile era un caso perdido. El inesperado desvío de un buque con destino a Chile lleno de armas marcó el fin del apoyo soviético. La caída de su régimen, era inminente.

Mucho se especula sobre el caso chileno. El violento golpe de Estado, los 27,000 desaparecidos y los 3,197 asesinados por la dictadura de Pinochet, se han convertido en la coartada perfecta para glorificar al Chile de Allende. El análisis, digámoslo así, ortodoxo de la historia del golpe ha caído en la visión maniquea del Pinochet sí vs. Pinochet no. En él, se excluyen numerosos factores que conllevaron a la caída del régimen y que explican las inherentes falencias que atañen a la implementación de cualquier socialismo. Mi intención no es más que traer nuevas perspectivas analíticas a este debate, sin justificar jamás las violaciones a los derechos humanos que acaecieron durante la dictadura militar. Las mismas que se dieron en numerosas dictaduras comunistas durante el siglo XX y que, con la prolongación del régimen de Allende, también se pudieron haber llegado a dar. Las similitudes con lo que ha logrado el chavismo en Venezuela, no son una mera casualidad.

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The House of Spirits and Like Water for Chocolate

...Both Like Water for Chocolate and The House of Spirits are novels that have plots that contain two male characters extremely significant to the development of the story. Both the male characters are caught in romantic conflicts which create and continue the lives of these as well as the life of other characters, therefore, positioning these characters in a level of importance more significant than many of the other involving characters. In Like Water for Chocolate the character of Pedro Muzquiz is of extreme relevance to the novel of Laura Esquivel. Pedro is initially presented to the readers as a man who is madly in love with Tita, the youngest daughter of Mama Elena, who due to family tradition is unable to marry Pedro because she now has to dedicate her life to taking care of her mother until her respective death. In a similar way, Esteban Trueba in The House of Spirits is the male protagonist, whose life is analyzed throughout the duration of the novel, ending after his death. Esteban, in a similar way to Pedro, is forbidden to marry his loved one Rosa, who due to political motives, is accidentally murdered after drinking venom that is initially meant for her father. Both these characters have strong feelings towards their loved ones and at a certain point in the novel are at a significant physical distance. In Esteban’s case, Rosa is at the del Valle’s house while he is working in the mines “and trusting that someday he would strike a marvelous seam of gold that would...

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