...Filipino investors to rush to their bank or fund manager and convert their investments into cold cash they can hide under their pillow. But local investors have matured greatly since the global financial turmoil precipitated by the US subprime crisis in 2008. Local markets are jittery but calm, and investments in moderate-to-high-risk investments such as stocks and bonds have remained largely intact. This can be attributed in part to the great strides that leading banks and financial institutions such as the Bank of Philippine Islands, the country’s oldest bank, have taken over the past few years to improve the financial literacy of Filipinos and open their minds to a wide range of investment possibilities. Having record low interest on savings and time deposits of around 1 percent has also spurred great interest in financial instruments other than traditional bank deposits. The yield is just too low and not enough to even at least beat inflation, or the annual rise in the prices of basic commodities. BPI is taking advantage of this heightened interest in investments by aggressively going after retail clients—those with investable funds of at least P10,000. Prior to 2005, when BPI made that strategic shift to go after the retail market in a big way, the bank catered almost exclusively to large corporate accounts numbering just over 1,000 clients with at least P5 million to invest in a wide array of instruments including...
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...Solutions for Chapter 12 Audit of Cash and Other Liquid Assets Review Questions: 12-1. It is important that cash and liquid asset testing be coordinated because the assets can be quickly moved and thus substituted for each other. For example, an organization could quickly move assets between cash and certificates of deposit. 12-2. General Cash Account. This is the account used to transact most of the organization's cash transactions. It is usually a high volume, but low balance account. Because of its high volume and its liquidity it is susceptible to greater risk than most asset accounts of the same size. Imprest Payroll Account. This is an account that is maintained strictly for the payment of payroll. The organization makes a deposit equal to the monthly or weekly payroll at the time the payroll checks or electronic transfers are issued. The account is used to minimize accounting costs and to isolate payroll risks to one account. 12-3. We disagree with the auditor's assessment of inherent risk of cash transactions as low. Granted, the accounting for cash and marketable securities is not overly complex. However, the liquidity of the accounts, coupled with their susceptibility to fraud or misappropriation, makes the inherent risk of the accounts at least moderate - if not high. Most organizations recognize the high inherent risk associated with the accounts and have implemented detailed control procedures to reduce control risk to a minimal level. 12-4...
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...international harmonisation by having a single universal set of accounting rules and to optimize accounting quality reducing diversity in accounting practices and information asymmetries. Concurrently, many scholars has raised doubts and speculation of this ideology of accounting standardisation stirred up by the adoption of the controversial International Accounting Standards (IAS) 39 or in Australia, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) 139: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement which has been subject to much criticism (Armstrong, Barth, Jagalinzer, & Riedl, 2008; Barth, Landsman, & Lang, 2006). Due to this uproar, the IASB has decided to review the standards for financial instruments formulating a new financial instrument standard, IFRS 9: Financial Instruments which would be implemented in January 2013, however, an option is given to companies if they wish to adopt the new standard earlier. Hence, this essay would discuss in depth the issues arising from the current financial instrument standard and discuss the effects of the implementation of the new standard with reference to two listed...
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...Journal of Islamic Financial Services Vol. 1 No.1 ISLAMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR MANAGING LIQUIDITY Yahia Abdul-Rahman This paper provides a practitioners perspective on the overwhelming need for prudent management of liquidity and development of Islamic money market instruments. Islamic banking and financing is gaining momentum world-wide. Many of the international RIBA banks are now focusing on LARIBA banking and financing to gain a significant market share of the funds and the deals which insist on LARIBA dealings. Many estimate the LARIBA funds looking for halal investing and banking to be from $ 50 billion to $80 billion. Most of these funds are now handled in Europe; mainly in the London financial markets. In 1996, Citibank has started "Citibank Islamic" in Bahrain and is now providing limited Islamic financing windows out of its international operations in New York & San Francisco. Islamic banks world-wide have not yet come up with the competitive financial instruments and products which allow them to provide valid avenues to the LARIBA owner of funds and which compete in quality and security with instruments offered by other RIBA banks and investment companies in the world. Yahia Abdul-Rahman 1. The Problem of Liquidity Management Liquidity is the ease by which an asset can be exchanged for another with little or no loss of value; usually cash. Liquid assets are those held in cash or are invested in instruments which can be converted rapidly into cash like deposits in...
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...ongoing economic growth and prosperity. Discuss the component parts that form a financial system and the relevance of the above statement. A financial system consists of financial institutions, financial instruments and financial markets. Financial institutions are classified into five categories according to where they source their funds from and who uses their funds. These include: depository financial institutions e.g. banks; investment and merchant banks; contractual savings institutions e.g. insurance companies; finance companies and general financiers; unit trusts e.g. property trusts. Financial instruments are documents that entitle holders to future cash flows. They are classified into three categories: equity e.g. ordinary share; debt e.g. loan; derivatives e.g. futures contract. Financial markets are the means by which funds are transferred in financial systems and are broadly divided into money markets and capital markets, which are further split into primary and secondary markets. Examples of financial markets include stock market and foreign exchange market. 1 The primary function of the financial system is to facilitate the flow of funds from those who have surplus funds to those who have a shortage of funds. By providing a range of investment and borrowing opportunities, the financial system supports transactions within economies thus providing the means for the development of modern economic systems. Economic growth is also reliant on the continuous...
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...To: Ida Wong From: unbiased senior auditor Re: Potential accounting issues—Best Cars-R-Us Inc. (BCR) Overview Company Background and Constraints BCR is currently a private company; therefore GAAP is not a legal constraint. However, the company should comply with GAAP because BCR has intention to become public in the future—an initial public offering (IPO) is planned in the next fiscal year according to the case fact. As a private company, BCR can use ASPE to fairly present their financial statements. Since they may go public, we would choose IFRS, as it is required for public companies in 2011. Private company can use either ASPE or IFRS. However, because of the impending IPO, a significant investor may prefer IFRS compliant information. Thus, we recommend BCR use IFRS to present their financial information. In order to going public through IPO, various constraints should be met, especially the financial requirements. Here may raise a problem. There exists potential bias for BCR to compromise IFRS rules for the sake of strong earnings. Thus, a favorable financial position of BCR can be indicated. Moreover, management may believe that a pattern of smooth earnings will be the most attractive to potential shareholders and thus will prefer accounting policies that smooth earnings. Users and User Needs * BCR Management BCR Management including Bill Valarian, CEO of BCR are the primary users of the financial information. They want to obtain an unqualified audit opinion...
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...Industry Organization C. Measuring National Income and Growth D. Business Cycles E. The Monetary System F. Inflation G. International Trade and Capital Flows H. Currency Exchange Rates I. Monetary and Fiscal Policy J. Economic Growth and Development K. Effects of Government Regulation L. Impact of Economic Factors on Investment Markets IV. Financial Reporting and Analysis A. Financial Reporting System (with an emphasis on IFRS) B. Analysis of Principal Financial Statements C. Financial Reporting Quality D. Analysis of Inventories and Long-Lived Assets E. Analysis of Taxes F. Analysis of Debt G. Analysis of Off-Balance-Sheet Assets and Liabilities H. Analysis of Pensions, Stock Compensation, and Other Employee Benefits I. Analysis of Inter-Corporate Investments J. Analysis of Business Combinations K. Analysis of Global Operations L. Ratio and Financial Analysis V. Corporate Finance A. Corporate Governance B. Capital Investment Decisions C. Business and Financial Risk D. Capital Structure Decisions E. Working Capital Management F. Dividend Policy G. Mergers and Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring VI. Equity Investments A. Types of Equity Securities and Their Characteristics B. Equity Markets: Characteristics, Institutions, and Benchmarks C. Fundamental Analysis (Sector, Industry, Company) D. Valuation of Individual Equity Securities E. Equity Market...
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...Structural Risk Management (Asset/Liability Management) (ALM) Section Topic Page 7000 Executive Summary…………………………………………… 7-2 7100 Legislative Summary………………………………………….. 7-3 7200 Policy……………………………………………………………. 7-5 7201 Asset/Liability Management Philosophy…………………….. 7-6 7202 Balance Sheet Mix…………………………………………….. 7-7 7203 Managing Liabilities…………………………………………… 7-9 7204 Managing Assets………………………………………………. 7-13 7205 Pricing…………………………………………………………… 7-14 7206 Terms……………………………………………………………. 7-15 7207 Interest Rate Risk……………………………………………… 7-16 7208 Matching Maturities……………………………………………. 7-17 7209 Foreign Currency Risk………………………………………… 7-18 7210 Financial Derivatives…………………………………………... 7-19 7300 Planning………………………………………………………… 7-21 7400 Risk Measurement and Board Reporting…………………… 7-22 7401 Mix and Yields…………………………………………………. 7-25 7402 Growth………………………………………………………….. 7-26 7403 Financial Margin……………………………………………….. 7-27 7404 Interest Rate Risk Measurement…………………………….. 7-28 7405 Monitoring Derivatives………………………………………… 7-35 7500 Risk Management……………………………………………… 7-36 7501 Reliance on Qualified and Competent Staff and Volunteers 7-37 7502 Managing Interest Rate Risk… ……………………………… 7-38 Executive Summary The goal of asset/liability management (ALM) is to properly manage the risk related to changes in interest rates, the mix of balance sheet assets and liabilities, the holding of foreign currencies, and the use of derivatives. These risks should be managed...
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...HBS BEA Associates Case Study By Siyu Liu Garrett Stevenson Michael Cinelli Mohammed Shahruz BEA Associates is an investment advisory firm founded as Basic Economic Appraisals in 1934. As of March 31, 1992, the firm manages $15.4 billion, representing over 164 institutional clients. BEA’s investment philosophy emphasizes return enhancement as well as risk control. BEA has been consistently earning returns in excess of the index averaging 80 basis points per annum by using enhanced equity index funds and enhanced cash strategies with various arbitrage-like techniques. BEA’s new enhanced index client is a Luxembourg subsidiary of a Japanese life insurance company. Jeffrey Geller and David DeRosa, derivatives portfolio manager at BEA Associates, are considering alternative ways of investing $100 million provided by this client. They want to find the most attractive combination of derivative and cash market positions to achieve the client’s objective of outperforming the S&P 500 stock index by 50 basis points in a low risk manner. The current alternatives are shown in Exhibit 1 in the Appendix. This case study will discuss the first three index synthetic alternatives. A general equity index fund is a type of fund that tracks the performance of a particular stock index with the objective of earning the average market return of the selected index stock portfolio. While an enhanced equity index fund invests based on benchmark indexes like the S&P 500, it offers the possibility...
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...Financial Institutions, Instruments and Markets—7th edition Instructor’s Resource Manual Christopher Viney and Peter Phillips Chapter 1 A modern financial system Learning objective 1.1: explain the functions of a modern financial system • The introduction of money and the development of local markets to trade goods were the genesis of the financial system of today. • Money is a medium of exchange that facilitates transactions for goods and services. • With wealth being accumulated in the form of money, specialised markets developed to enable the efficient transfer of funds from savers (surplus entities) to users of funds (deficit entities). • A modern financial system comprises financial institutions, instruments and markets that provide a wide range of financial products and services. • A financial system encourages accumulated savings which are then available for investment within an economy. • Financial instruments incorporate attributes of risk, return (yield), liquidity and time–pattern of cash flows. Savers are able to satisfy their own personal preferences by choosing various combinations of these attributes. • By encouraging savings, and allocating savings to the most efficient users, the financial system has an important role to play in the economic development and growth of a country. Learning objective 1.2: categorise the main types of financial institutions, being depository financial institutions, investment banks and merchant banks,...
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...is savings, capital comes from savings • Savers: Individuals, corporations, governments • You can take your savings and go into Direct Investments (like property, equipment, infrastructure) - these are called real assets • Or you can take your savings into Indirect Investments (like stocks; we buy share of a company and we give company the money, bonds; we lend money to companies and governments, GIC; we leave money with the bank and the bank pays us a level of interest) - these are called financial assets/ claims • Bonds are claims against asset • The money we give to users, they give us one of these claims (financial assets), they take the money and invest in real assets, so we buy a stock of the company that buys apartment buildings. Either way we're still investing in apartment buildings, directly we own the real thing and indirectly have a financial claim on the real thing 3 Characteristics of Capital: 1) It is mobile - it can travel anywhere in the world 2) Sensitive to the environment - if you're in an area with high taxes you can move to an area with low taxes. If you're in an area with low interest rates, low returns you can move to an area with high interest rates, high returns to get a better yield 3) Scarce - you have so much of it • The only source of capital is savers. If somebody can't save, they have no investment potential • Savers become investors. Investors can be retail (like you and I investing our extra earnings), institutions (like pension...
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...Financial Instruments in Cohesion Policy 2014-2020 COHESION POLICY 2014-2020 The European Commission adopted legislative proposals for cohesion policy for 2014-2020 in October 2011 This factsheet is one in a series highlighting key elements of the future approach Table of contents What is the aim? What is proposed? What has changed from 2007-2013? What are the practical effects? Cohesion Policy Financial instruments represent a resource-efficient way of deploying cohesion policy resources in pursuit of the Europe 2020 Strategy objectives. Targeting projects with potential economic viability, financial instruments provide support for investments by way of loans, guarantees, equity and other risk-bearing mechanisms including policy-based guarantees for the European Social Fund (ESF), possibly combined with interest rate subsidies or guarantee fee subsidies within the same operation. Besides the obvious advantages of recycling funds over the long term, financial instruments help to mobilise additional public or private co-investments in order to address market failures in line with Europe 2020 and cohesion policy priorities. Their delivery structures entail additional expertise and know-how, which helps to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of public resource allocation. Moreover, these instruments provide a variety of incentives to better performance, including greater financial discipline at the level of supported projects. Financial instruments have been...
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...manufacturing well designed medical instrument based on a massive researching. Taking into account the efforts and allowances spilled by AMT on its research and development aspect, and in invading new markets, it is not unexpected that it had gained an extraordinary growth and rapid expansion of its sales force for just a few years of being established. Like any other companies who were in their infancy/growth stage, it is a normal thing to put the best shoe forward in order to gain an A+ mark. But the aggressiveness nature of the decisions made by Peter Haskins, president of the AMT, had, to the conclusion of some lenders, contributed to several tribulations that impede the continuous growth of the company. Though AMT had gained extraordinary growth through their well done researches, it tends to risk its financial aspect by exhausting too much fund just to develop and produce its product. Its mismanagement of its assets had made potential creditors to deny its loan requests. These facts had led to the perfection of this study. It aimed to analyze the problems faced by the company, the cause of these problems and how the company will trounce these problems. II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Advance Medical Technology Corporation (AMT) developed, manufactured and sold scientific medical instruments, needles, and catheters that allowed rapid and less invasive access to a number of different organs and vessels. These products represented an alternative to traditional surgical procedures...
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...and frameworks work; however, it seeks to achieve the same goals, a higher standard of living, and this can only be achieved by raising the rate of investment and diversification, as The latter is considered the cornerstone of the process of comprehensive and sustainable development. Investment is the allocation of funds in different areas in such a way to maximize the bitter economic and financial worms, as it plays a positive role in accelerating the development, but the fundamental problem facing the latter is a problem of funding, the problem lies in the palaces of savings rates of various kinds for investment financing of rates development lies in the search for sources of savings and the search for ways to mobilize these savings for development, and this is done only by the availability of an integrated structure of financial institutions and organizations capable of inciting good guidance for these savings to productive investment purposes. Financial market is the meeting place of the interaction of different investment tool, as it is considered an effective financing channel for developed countries to finance its economy, but it is considered a new mechanism for some developing countries. Financial market is a market where buyers and sellers meet to trade financial instruments, the latter a distinct investment alternative for each are considered some of the terms of revenue generated and the risks involved, this distinction makes investors prefer them on the basis of...
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...* * Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that have both of the following characteristics: * a. Readily convertible to known amounts of cash * b. So near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Generally, only investments with original maturities of three months or less qualify under that definition. Original maturity means original maturity to the entity holding the investment. For example, both a three-month U.S. Treasury bill and a three-year U.S. Treasury note purchased three months from maturity qualify as cash equivalents. However, a Treasury note purchased three years ago does not become a cash equivalent when its remaining maturity is three months. Examples of items commonly considered to be cash equivalents are Treasury bills, commercial paper, money market funds, and federal funds sold (for an entity with banking operations). Suggested Solution -- Case 01 Objectives of the Case This case gives students an opportunity to apply cash flow principles to determine the appropriate classification of various transactions in the statement of cash flows. Applicable Professional Pronouncements ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows (ASC 230) IAS 7, Statement of Cash Flows (IAS 7) Discussion 1 — Purchase of 2012 Emission Allowances What is the appropriate classification in the statement of cash flows in Polluter Corp.’s (the ―Company’s‖)...
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